-
However, the thing to remember is, when you look at heats of reaction under those conditions it's all well and good.
相反，需要记住，当你需要知道反应中放出的热量时,这些量是很有用的。
-
This completely could change if you were to flip from one to the other conformation which can happen in chemical reactions.
在化学反应中,它们的形状,可以从一种折叠成另外一种。
-
That is metallic sodium that would keep in kerosene so it doesn't react with the oxygen in the air.
金属钠应该保存在没有中,这样它就不会和空气中的氧气反应了。
-
You calculate how much heat is released in the reaction. And then what's going to matter is what's the heat capacity of the whole, of the calorimeter?
就是计算在反应中,放出了多少热量,接下来关键的是,整个量热计的热容是多少？
-
And, in general, the idea of what goes on in classical conditioning is that the response is sort of a preparation.
一般认为，在经典条件作用中,反应就是某种准备过程。
-
In fact, the people who have been most important in understanding how the innate immune system works are people here at Yale.
事实上 在研究先天免疫系统,反应机理中,最重要的科学家就在耶鲁
-
Generally, there are a couple of elements that one might set down as in a Petri dish, and wait to see if some chemical reaction might take place, but not at all sure of what it might be.
一般来说，都有几个元素,作者会把它们像放入培养基中一样培养,等待某种化学反应的产生，但对可能的结果却一无所知。
-
A lot of interesting reasons, we've all heard the topic-- the word chocoholic, sugar addict, we hear the words withdrawal and things and that becomes an interesting part of the biology of food.
值得思考的原因有很多,我们都听过这样的词汇,巧克力成瘾,糖果成瘾,还有戒断反应之类的词,这都是食品生物学中有趣的部分
-
And this will become more and more clear as we actually talk about these reactions and talk about bonding.
而这将会变得越来越清楚,在我们讨论这些反应以及讨论成键的过程中。
-
Likewise, the element that is a good electron acceptor in an electron transfer reaction is going to be the element that is going to hog the electrons in a covalent bond.
同样的，这个元素在一个电子转移反应中,是个很好的受赠者它将成为在共价电子,中吸引电子的元素。
-
Well, if it is a good electron donor in an electron transfer reaction, if the same element finds itself in a covalent bond, it is going to be a good electron donor, although it is not full transfer.
如果它是一个在电子反应中,的好捐赠者，如果相同电子发现他在共价电子里，它将成为一个好的捐赠者，虽然没有完全转换。
-
In the biochemical reactions that are taking place in your body, there is equilibrium between a whole myriad of reactants and products, and thank heavens that gets maintained.
在我们身体内进行的,生物化学反应中，大量的反应物和产物,也是处于平衡状态，谢天谢地实际情况就是这样。
-
So we can think about something I mentioned last time, which is when we're thinking about chemistry and what's really interesting in terms of chemical reactions, it's mostly valence electrons we're talking about, those are the ones that tend to be involved in chemical reactions.
我们可以考虑一下我上次提到过的一件事，那就是如果我们讨论化学,以及什么是化学反应中,真正令人感兴趣的东西，我们讨论的几乎都是价电子，它们才是在化学反应中,真正起作用的部分。
-
Here's a way that you can do it in a test tube without using any cells by this process called Polymerase Chain Reaction.
但有一个方法可以让你在试管中完成,不用细胞,这个方法叫聚合酶链式反应
-
So it seems like there's a favorable change in entropy going this way.
看起来在这个过程中熵增加是,有利于反应的。
-
And what this is is technically described as a decline in the tendency to respond to stimuli that are familiar due to repeated exposure.
它在学术上被描述为,由于重复暴露在刺激环境中,而造成对该刺激反应倾向的降低。
-
Some words that are useful in this discussion, a 'host'. A host is the organism that you're interested in defending and it could be you or me or some typical person.
讨论中会用到一些词,宿主 宿主是,你对其免疫反应感兴趣的生物体,可以是你我,或者其他人
-
How many moles of gas are there in each case, in reactants and products? If that changes, of course you know that the pressure in there is going to change at constant volume if the amount of gas in there is changing.
在反应物和生成物中，各有多少摩尔的气体？,如果它发生了变化,当然在等体条件下，如果气体的总量,发生了变化，压强也会发生变化。
-
You're running some reaction. It's in the atmosphere. It's at constant pressure.
你已经在进行一些反应,在大气中，在恒温下。
-
And it turns out that this version people are slower at than the other version suggesting that their associations run one way and not the other.
结果发现在第二个实验中,人们比第一个实验时的反应要慢,这表明他们倾向于把白人和好词,把黑人和坏词联系一起，而不是反过来。
-
We're going to talk about this kind of non-covalent interaction more when we talk about the immune system, because one example of ligand and receptors that's important in the immune system are antigens - foreign molecules, and antibodies - molecules that we produce.
当我们讲到免疫系统的时候,会更详细地谈到这种非共价化合反应,因为在免疫系统中,一个重要的配体受体结合反应,就是抗原,即外源分子,与抗体,这个人体自身产生的分子结合
-
They showed the vats of chocolate where people were stirring in things, and those evoke a lot of interesting sensations in people, a lot of interesting reactions in people because fat is inherently tasting good to us because it--there's reason for it to taste good because it provides so many calories.
人们往大桶巧克力中搅拌其他食物,这唤起了人们许多有趣的反应,这些反应很有意思,因为脂肪对人类来说是天生的美味,味道不错的原因是,脂肪提供了如此之多的热量
-
This is titanium sponge that comes out of the bottom of this reactor, and it subsequently re-melted in a vacuum arc furnace.
海绵状的钛,从反应器的底部出来，随后在真空炉中重新熔炼。
-
Now in this particular reaction, I've got hydrogen gas, iron solid. Those already are elements in their most stable forms at room temperature and pressure.
特定的反应中，我有氢气,固态铁，这些都已经是,处于室温和常压下,最稳定的元素单质。
-
It has two irons that are involved in doing the chemistry, so it includes transition metals.
反应中有两个铁原子参与,因此她还要了解过渡金属。
-
A lot of the examples that we're going to give you in terms of trying out your Lewis structures will be molecule that are used in organic synthesis, or maybe they're molecules that react in interesting ways with biomolecules in your body or proteins in your body.
很多我们将要用来,训练路易斯结构的例子,都是在有机合成中用到的分子，也有可能是那些在你体内的生物分子,或者蛋白质中发生有趣反应的分子。
-
It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
-
The key thing is not just to feed back to us what you've read or what you've heard in the lecture, but we want some interpretation of it or some analysis of it, or your reaction to what you're hearing in the class linked with something that might be going on in the world.
关键是不要仅仅以你们从课堂上读到,或者听到的东西作为对我们的反馈,我们想得到的是你们对它的诠释或者分析,或者是你们把课堂上听到的与生活中,可能发生的事情联系起来的反应
-
I just wanted to point out that although you see these chlorine atoms in these drugs, in fact, I don't think I've ever seen an acid chloride in a final pharmaceutical product or drug that we take, and the reason is because they're so reactive that you wouldn't want to have that in something you digest.
我只是想指出一点,那就是尽管你在这些药物中看到了氯原子，实际上，我想我从来都没有在一个,成品的药用产品或者药物中见到过酰氯，这原因是因为它们太容易反应了,你不会想让它们出现在你要消化的东西中。
-
Of course, they're all sorts of conditions under which a reaction could be wrong in the lab or outdoors or however, right. But this is the way we're going to define delta H of reaction.
当然，在实验室或室外,之类的环境中，在这些条件下,反应可能出错，但这是我们,要定义反应的△H的方法。
应用推荐