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(Speech) Gabe says Japan has been an ideal partner to the U.S.for so long.
VOA: standard.2009.11.11
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That for an ideal gas it has to be the case that there's no volume dependence of the energy.
我们可以直接推导这个结果,即证明对理想气体，内能和气体体积无关。
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And the temperature scale that turns out to be well-defined and ends up giving us the concept of an absolute zero is the ideal gas thermometer.
比如理想气体温标,它有精确的定义,并能引出绝对零度的概念,今天我们就先来谈谈它。
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And this is something to contrast with the early Yeats and its high idealism, and its drive to exist in an abstract and ideal world.
这可与早期他诗歌的理想主义,致力表现，抽象理想世界作对比。
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When Plato writes his Republic and devotes Book Ten, as I'm sure most of you know, to an argument in effect banishing the poets from the ideal republic, part of the argument is that poets are terrible imitators.
当柏拉图写《理想国》和《第十卷》的时候，你们肯定都听过这两部著作，他提出了一个一个论点，要把诗人从理想国中驱逐出境，他提到，诗人都是拙劣的仿造者。
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.. The problem is again the ideal-- they're trying to work toward what I think of an ideal that we see in finance-- 1 mainly, the perfect correlation of consumption and the elimination of risk--we all help each other.
问题又回到了理想-,他们为之奋斗的这种理想状态,如果用金融学的理念来解读-,就是消费与风险消除的相关系数为,即完全正相关，所有人都互助互利。
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B=0 There's going to be some temperature where B is equal to zero. In that case, your gas is going to look awfully like an ideal gas.
在某个温度,这时，实际气体的表现，十分接近理想气体,高于这一温度它是正的。
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This quantity is exactly zero for an ideal gas and we'll discover why eventually it has to do with what we mean by an ideal gas it turns out.
对理想气体它是零,这点我们接下来会知道是,为什么，这与为什么我们叫它理想气体有关。
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It's true for any gas, and if I remove this limit here, r t is equal to p v bar, I'm going to call that an ideal gas.
这样的气体被称作理想气体,这就是理想气体的性质，理想气体的涵义是什么？
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And if that's equal to zero, that means that the Joule-Thomson coefficient for an ideal gas is also equal to zero. We're going to actually prove this later in the course.
说明理想气体的,焦耳-汤姆逊系数也等于0。,详细的证明过程,会在以后的课上给出。
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And now we're going to specify, we're going to do a Carnot cycle for an ideal gas.
我们具体地指定一个卡诺循环，这是理想气体。
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So for an ideal gas then, dH/dp under 0 constant temperature, that has to be equal to zero.
所以对于理想气体,偏H偏p在恒温下，等于。
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dq It's an ideal gas in adiabatic expansion 0 dq is equal to zero.
说明,等于。
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Now, if this is an ideal gas, we know that pressure is equal to nRT over volume.
如果这是一个理想气体系统，我们知道压强等于nRT除以体积。
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Now going from three to four right, so we have another isothermal process for an ideal gas, so I won't try to make you sing again so soon.
从第三点到第四点，这也是一个理想气体的,恒温过程，这次不用你们集体回答了。
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dV we're still going to write that it's an ideal gas.
理想气体的条件,也依然成立。
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So again, if you do a calculation where you're close enough to the ideal gas and you need to design your, if you have an engineer designing something that's got a bunch of gases around, this is a useful thing to use.
要研究近似理想气体的表现时,这个方程非常有用,下面再来看一个，对我们来说最有意思的,实际气体状态方程：,范德瓦尔斯方程。
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is always equal to for an ideal gas? Cv dT right.
对吧？
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Now, if you're an engineer, and you use the ideal gas law to design a chemical plant or a boiler or an electrical plant, you know, a steam plant, you're going to be in big trouble.
比如说锅炉，蒸汽机,我们会遇到一个大问题：,我们设计的机器将无法运作，因为对大部分实际气体。
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but right now you're going to have to take it for granted. So, if the Joule-Thomson coefficient is equal to zero, just like we wrote, du = Cv dT du = Cv dT for an ideal gas, we're going to dH = Cp dT have dH = Cp dT for an ideal gas as well.
但是现在请你们应该把它看成理所当然的,所以，如果焦耳-汤姆逊系数等于零,就像我们写的，对于理想气体,我们也可以得到对于理想气体。
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du It's an ideal gas, and that's equal to w1 prime.
等于CvdT，du，is，Cv，dT。,因为是理想气体，所以等于w1一撇。
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Now, for an ideal gas, du/dV under =0 constant temperature is equal to zero.
对于理想气体，温度一定,时偏U偏V等于零。
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If you have a real gas and you write du is Cv dT and your path is not a constant volume path, then you are making a mistake. But for an ideal gas, you can always write this. And this turns out to be very useful to remember.
对于真实气体，如果其变化过程,不是恒容的，du=Cv*dT就不成立，但对于理想气体,这条规则永远成立,这一点非常有用，请记住。
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du/dV under constant temperature was equal to zero for an ideal gas. And by analogy, we expect the same thing to be true here, because enthalpy and energy have all this analogy going on here. So let's look at an ideal gas.
偏U偏V在恒温下等于零,可以类比，我们希望在这里也一样，因为焓和能量有很强的类比性，让我们看看理想气体,【理想气体】
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