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This third copy is a result of a mistake in cell division.
VOA: special.2009.09.09
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So, this is a cell that's infected with a microorganism, it's infected with a virus, let's say it's infected with influenza virus.
这是一个感染了微生物的细胞,它感染了一种病毒,就说是感染了流感病毒吧
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This is a cell from connective tissue called a fibroblast.
这是一种结缔组织细胞,叫做成纤维细胞
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So, this is what goes on in an electrolysis cell, and it works thanks to input energy from a power supply shown here.
所以，这是在一个电化学电池中发生的，它是靠输入的能量工作的,从和这个类似的电源输出的能量。
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This happens at the top of the cell where there is a probe attached and this moves the hair bundle to the right side.
细胞顶部的试探电极,会使毛发状的纤维束向右方移动,只要你吸住它。
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So, for example, if we look at sodium channels, and sodium channels are some of the particularly prevalent ones when we're talking about neurons, if you think about the cell membrane, and this little green cartoon is me trying to show a sodium channel here, and in this case, you can see that it's closed, such that no ions are getting through.
比如，让我们来看一下钠离子通道，钠离子通道是我们会经常遇到的几个之一,在讨论神经元的时候，如果大家想想细胞膜，而这个绿色的小示意图就是我用来表示,钠离子通道的，在这种情况下，大家可以看到它是关闭的，因此没有离子可以通过。
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This is a way for the immune system to recognize things that are going wrong inside the cell protected from antibodies.
这是免疫系统识别,抗体不能识别的细胞内病变的方法
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The cells of this cluster inside next to the fluid filled cavity is a region of the blastocyst called the inner cell mass.
而这簇细胞的内侧,毗邻于充满液体的空腔的一侧,这些细胞在囊胚中称为内群细胞
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Other cells in the immune system recognizing that this is a foreign molecule, but is being presented in the context of a 'self' cell.
免疫系统中的其他一些细胞,识别到它是非己物质,但它已经被识别为己方细胞
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This is a really interesting system because it also solves a problem for the cell.
这真的是一个有意思的系统,因为它也解决了细胞面对的难题
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This is a new concept, receptors don't have to be these molecules on cell surface, there can be receptors that exist in other places within the cell.
这是一个新概念,受体分子不一定只存在于细胞表面,它们也可以存在于细胞内其它地方
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This is an example at the bottom of a native cochlea hair cell.
这只是耳蜗毛细胞发育的一个例证,结合这一技术和其它技术。
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What if this is a gene that's causing a cell to be cancerous?
但假如是个能导致细胞癌变的基因呢
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The topic for this week is cell communication: how mechanisms that cells within a complex organism use to communicate with each other at short distances or long distances.
本周的主题是细胞通讯,即在一个复杂机体中的细胞,采用何种交流机制,在或长或短的距离中相互联系
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This pluripotent stem cell from bone marrow is an example of a stem cell, an adult stem cell, a stem cell that could be identified from the blood.
这种骨髓中的多能干细胞,是干细胞的一个代表,一个成人的干细胞,可以在血液中检测到的
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One result of this asymmetrical division is a committed progenitor cell.
这种不对称分裂的一个结果,是产生定向的祖细胞
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This is a way of introducing cytotoxicity or cell killing ability into a cell, and that's been used to treat many kinds of cancers, particularly cancers of the brain.
这种方法常用来导入细胞毒素,或者赋予细胞杀伤其他细胞的能力,以治疗多种癌症,特别是脑癌
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What happens during mitosis is that the cell is able to separate this double set of chromosomes into two sets and that happens in a way that's shown in this cartoon here.
当细胞有丝分裂时,细胞将其分开形成两组染色体,如下图所示
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This process, which is shown schematically here, as a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane and then dropping its neurotransmitter only happens when an action potential reaches the end of the axon.
这一过程 扼要地展示在这里,小泡同细胞膜融合,释放其神经递质,这只发生在动作电位抵达轴突末梢时
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But this antigen presenting cell is more likely a professional antigen presenting cell, or a subset of cells of your immune system that are specialized in ingesting foreign particles and displaying their contents to the rest of the immune system.
但这种抗原呈递细胞更加类似于,专职抗原呈递细胞,或者是体内免疫细胞中的一个亚群,专门从事吞噬异己物质,并告知免疫系统的其他细胞的工作
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On the side over here shows a cell membrane and so this is outside the cell above it, and this is inside the cell below, and this is the lipid bilayer that separates the outside of the cell from the inside of the cell.
这边这个表示细胞膜,它的上面代表细胞外部,下面代表细胞内部,这个是脂质双分子层,将细胞内外分开
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How is your immune system going to recognize that this virus is there causing bad results if it's living inside of a cell and doing all its business inside a cell where antibodies can't get to it?
你的免疫系统怎样才能识别,作恶多端的病毒呢,如果它隐藏在细胞中进行繁殖,而抗体又无法进入细胞,那该怎么办
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One of the first steps in that healing is that fibroblasts like this cell crawl into the space that's created by the wound and they grab a hold of both sides of the wound and contract and try to pull it together.
愈合的第一步是,成纤维细胞向,损伤的创口爬行,紧紧地抓住创口的两侧,通过收缩回拉 试着使创口合拢
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Insulin, the ligand binds to its receptor, creates a change through a kinase activity that's exposed, which leads to other biochemical changes, which leads to a change in cell behavior - in this case the cell behavior is that more glucose transporters are brought to the membrane and more glucose can enter the cell.
胰岛素,一种能够与受体结合的配体,通过其暴露出的激酶活性引起的变化,导致了其它后续生化变化的发生,进而使细胞行为发生改变,这个例子中的细胞行为就是,更多的糖载体被带到细胞膜表面,这样更多的糖分子进入到细胞内部
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This property of cells in culture is called anchorage dependence - that the cell needs to be anchored to a surface in order to function properly.
体外培养细胞的这种特性,称为贴壁依赖性--,意思是细胞必须固定在,某个表面上才能正常生长
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For this particular cell here it looks like it's about -75 millivolts, so the inside of the cell is a little bit more negative than the outside.
这个细胞的膜电位是-75毫伏,所以细胞内侧跟外侧比起来电势要低一些
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Now, one of the advantages of having second messengers is this is one way that you can integrate between different receptor systems that are acting inside a cell.
使用第二信使分子的好处在于,它能够将,作用于细胞内部不同的,受体系统结合起来
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The zygote or this fertilized egg is a completely undifferentiated cell.
受精卵,或者说已受精的卵子,是一个完全未分化的细胞
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This inner cell mass develops into the embryo, which this here shown at a later stage is beginning to be clear that it's becoming an organism that looks like us.
内细胞群发育成为胎儿,这张图这是一个相对晚期的阶段,能越来越清晰地观察到,这团东西开始有个人形了
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In this case the shape is - there's a cell body in the center here so this is where the nucleus is and where all the transcription, production of proteins take place here.
在这个细胞中,中间部位是细胞体,细胞核位于其中央,转录以及翻译过程均发生于此
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