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But the mathematicians told Dirac, "You cannot ignore the negative energy solution because it tells you there's a second solution and you cannot throw them out."
但数学家们告诉狄拉克,你不能忽略负的能量,因为数学告诉我有两个根,你不能随便丢掉
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And it turns out the second solution, with negative energy, was when the theory is telling you, hey, there are particles and there are anti-particles, and the negative energy when properly interpreted will describe anti-particles.
结果,后来证明,第二个根,也就是能量为负的那个根,正是理论的关键,世界上既有粒子,也有反粒子,负能量就是用来解释反粒子的
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So if I tell you that the energy for single hydrogen atom is negative 13 12 kilojoules per mole.
如果我告诉大家单个氢原子的能量,是负的，1312，千焦每摩尔。
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So, an energy deficit, accelerating charge, the accelerating negative charge, because it's the negatives that are orbiting the positive center.
能量的损失，加速电荷，加速的负电荷，因为这是负电荷,围绕在正电荷中心的周围。
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I have shown that by taking Avogadro's number of individual ion pairs and putting them all together in a line, the system's energy became more negative.
我推导出了,从每一个离子对中抽出阿伏加德罗常数,再把它们放在一起在一列中，这个系统的能量就变得更负。
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If the bonding energy is very strongly negative, thermal energy isn't great enough to disrupt those bonds and allow those bonds to be broken and then have fluidity.
如果键能非常强，热能并不足以,打破这些化学键,破坏这些化学键,并使它们液化。
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And remember again, the binding energy physically is the negative of the ionization energy, and that's actually how you can experimentally check to see if this is actually correct.
电离能的负值，那个事实上是可以,通过实验来验证，它是否是对的,并且它等于负的。
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Now, your temptation is to keep the first answer because you know energy is not going to be negative.
你肯定想保留正根,因为你知道能量不会是负值
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So now we can just take the negative of that binding energy here, and I've just rounded up here or 1 . 4 times 10 to the negative 19 joules.
等于4是第三激发态,现在我们可以取它结合能的负值,也就是1。4乘以10的负19次方。
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Right, because when we think of an energy diagram, that lowest spot there is going to have the lowest value of the binding energy or the most negative value of binding.
对因为当我们考虑,一个能量图时那里最低的点,是具有最低的结合能,或者最不活跃的结合能。
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So, for example, in a hydrogen atom, if you take the binding energy, the negative of that is going to be how much energy you have to put in to ionize the hydrogen atom.
例如在氢原子里面,如果你取一个结合能,它的负数就是。
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And we haven't talked about reactions at all yet, so you don't need to worry about the specifics of that exactly, but just that if you have this negative change in energy, you have a more stable product than you do reactant.
当然我们还没有开始讨论反应，所以你不用担心它的细节是怎么样的，你只需要知道，如果能量的变化是负值，那么你将得到一个比反应物更稳定的生成物。
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So, let's compare this to the energy of the h 2 molecule, and we find that that's negative 3,048 kilojoules per mole.
那么，让我们将它与氢分子的能量比一比，我们发现氢分子的能量是负的，3048，千焦每摩尔。
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And we know what that's equal to, this is something we've been over and over, ionization energy is simply equal to the negative of the binding energy.
而且你知道它等于什么，这是我们说过一遍又一遍的，电离能就等于,负的束缚能。
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And an important thing to note is in terms of what that physically means, so physically the binding energy is just the negative of the ionization energy.
一个需要注意的很重要的事情,是它的物理意义，从物理角度来说结合能,仅仅是电离能的负数。
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Another way to say that it's going to be less, so you don't get confused with that the fact this is in the numerator here, there is that negative sign so it's less energy but it's a bigger negative number that gives us that less energy there.
另一个方式去说它将会变得很低实用，你们不用在这里的计算器的事实感到迷惑,这里有一个负号实用，它是更少的能量,但它是一个更大的数字,这里了它给了我们更少的能量。
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And the change in energy for this reaction is negative 349 kilojoules per mole.
然后得到这个过程的能量变化为,负的，349，千焦每摩尔。
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The ionization energy, of course, is just the negative of the binding energy.
电离能，我们知道也就是,负的结合能。
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So, let's change our graph where we now have this zero point set as the two individuals hydrogen atoms, and then we see that our h 2 molecule is at the negative of the dissociation energy, or the negative what that bond strength is.
那么让我们把曲线图中的零点能改到,两个分离的氢原子处，那我们就会看到,氢分子就是负的离解能，或者负的键的强度。
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And that's going to be equal to the negative the binding energy of 2 s in b, in neutral boron.
它应该等于中性硼原子中,2，s，电子的束缚能的负值。
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We see that we get a negative energy by attaching the chloride to the sodium.
我们得到了负能量,通过将氯和钠结合在一起。
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So now we have that energy is equal to the negative of the Rydberg constant divided by n squared.
我们可以把能量方程大大简化,现在能量等于负的Rydberg常数除以n平方。
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putting all those things together, if you looked at this question again we'd get 100% on it, 0 9 that our only option here is 0. 9, and that it's not the negative, it's the positive version, because we're talking about how much energy we have to put into the system in order to eject an electron.
把这些放在一起，你们再看一下题目,大家100%都能选对，我们唯一的选择就是这个，它不是负数，它是正的，因为我们说的，是要,把电子激发出来,需要提供的能量。
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And if we do that calculation, what we find out is that the binding energy, in this case where we have no shielding, 72× is negative 8 . 7 2 times 10 to So, let's compare what we've just seen as our two extremes.
我们会发现结合，能在这个情况中，没有屏蔽，等于-8。,所以我们来对比一下,我们在两个极端的案例中看到了什么。
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it's an easy calculation -- we're just taking the negative of the binding energy, again that makes sense, because it's this difference in energy here. So what we get is that the binding energy, when it's negative, the ionization energy is 5 . 4 5 times 10 to the negative 19 joules.
这个计算很简单-我们,只需要取结合能的负值,同样这很容易理解，因为这就是这的能量差,所以我们得到的就是结合能,当它取负值，电离能就是5。45乘以。
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So, we were talking, however, about energy in terms of electron affinity, so we can actually relate electron affinity to any reaction by saying if we have this reaction written as here where we're gaining an electron, we say that electron affinity is just equal to the negative of that change in energy.
但是，我们现在讨论的能量,是电子亲和能，因，此我们可以将电子亲和能,与任何反应联系起来,只要我们将反应写成这种得到电子的形式，我们说电子亲和能就等于,反应前后能量变化的负值。
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So, what we call this is the third ionization energy, or the negative of the binding energy, again of the 2 s orbital, but now it's in boron plus 2 to we're starting with.
那么我们称它为第三电离能，或者负的束缚能，还是，2，s，轨道的，但现在我们是从正二价硼离子开始的。
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And again, this is just the negative, the binding energy, when we're talking about the 2 p orbital.
再说一遍，这就是负的束缚能，当我们考虑，2，p，轨道的时候。
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We're going to get to more complicated atoms eventually where we're going to have more than one electron in it, but when we're talking about a single electron atom, we know that the binding energy is equal to the negative of the Rydberg constant over n squared, so it's only depends on n.
我们以后会讲到，更加复杂的情况,那时候,不只有一个原子，但当我们讲，单个原子的时候，我们知道结合能，等于,负的Rydberg常数,除以n平方，所以它仅仅由n决定的。
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And what we say when we talk about the delta energy is I E 2 that this is going to be equal to i e 2, or the second ionization energy, or we could say the negative of the binding energy of a 2 s electron in b plus.
那么我们说,Δ，E，应该等于，或者说第二电离能，也就是正一价硼中，2，s，电子的,束缚能的负值。
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