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The new technology is called ion concentration polarization.
VOA: special.2010.04.05
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So we're going to feel a higher z effective in the case of the ion compared to the neutral atom.
因此，我们在离子中,会比在中性原子中感受到更高的有效核电量。
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So in the case of boron here, what we're starting with is the ion, and now we're going to pull one more electron out.
那么在硼的情况下，我们应该从这个离子开始，现在我们要再拿走一个电子。
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"We will use the tremendous capabilities of this ion propulsion system to climb out of orbit around Vesta, travel for almost another three years through the asteroid belt to dwarf planet Ceres and then go into orbit around Ceres and undertake the same kind of measurements there that we'll be doing at Vesta.
VOA: special.2011.07.27
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You can think of electron affinity as sort of the ionization in reverse of the ion.
电子亲合,是离子化的逆过程。
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(SAYING) Here at the GM battery lab, the Volt's 16 kilowatt lithium ion batteries are run through the rigors of extreme driving,weather fluctuations and abrupt movements.
VOA: standard.2010.07.30
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It would generate an electrical signal because it would - you'd open the ion channel and you would ion fluxes and you would change the membrane potential in just the way I described for the action potential.
它会产生一个电信号,因为--,离子通道会打开,产生离子流,膜电位会改变,像我讲动作电位时那样
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"The power source for the aircraft are the two battery packs you see on either side, which are lithium ion batteries which are similar to what you find in our laptops, only custom made for us for this application."
VOA: standard.2010.08.11
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So chlorine, if we talk about it in terms of electron affinity, we would be writing that we're actually gaining an electron here, and getting the ion, c l minus.
那么，氯，如果我们要讨论它的电子亲和能，我们会假设它真的得到了,一个电子而变成离子，负一价的氯。
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Remember in the ion, we're going to have less electrons around to counteract the pull from the nucleus.
还记得在这个离子中，在原子核周围,抵消它吸引力的电子更少。
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In case 2, we're taking the 3 p out of the neutral atom, whereas in case 3, we're taking it out of the ion.
在第二种情况中，我们要从中性原子中拿走，3，p，电子，而在第三种情况中，我们要从这个离子中拿走它。
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Will it be if you take a 3 s electron from neutral silicone, if you take a 3 p electron from the neutral atom, or if you take a 3 p from the ion?
是从中性硅原子中拿走一个，3，s，电子呢，还是从中性硅原子中拿走一个，3，p，电子呢，又或者是从硅离子中拿走一个，3，p，电子呢？
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So, in the case of boron plus 1, what we are starting with is the ion, so we're starting with a 2 s electron, 2 s 1 and then we're going to 2 s 1 here.
在正一价硼中，我们面对的是这个离子，本来就应该从，2，s，电子开始，然后这里变成。
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I can then subsequently lose an electron from the lithium ion. Lithium ion loses an electron to become lithium 2plus.
然后我能在锂离子中，失去一个电子,锂离子失去一个电子,变为二价锂离子。
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We talked about this reaction here where we had chloride ion in the gas phase plus sodium ion in the gas phase.
我们在讨论这一个反应,我们有气相的氯原子,与气相的钠原子接触。
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And, we're going to look at what happens as the chloride ion moves from infinity in towards the positive ion.
然后我们要看一下,当氯离子从无限远处逐渐靠近,这个正离子会发生什么。
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So we could think about comparing the potassium ion to a sodium ion. They have the same charge of plus one.
我们可以想象比较一下钾离子,与钠离子，它们都同样带有正一价的电荷。
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However, when that gate is opened, the sodium channel is now going to be incredibly selective and only let through sodium ions and no other type of ion.
但是，当闸门打开的时候，钠离子通道,将会有极高的选择性,不允许除钠离子以外的任何其它离子通过。
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So a plus two ion means that we're removing two electrons from the atom and the electrons that we're going to remove are always going to be the highest energy electrons.
一个2价正离子,我们要移除的两个电子,我们要移除的两个电子,将会是,最高能量的电子。
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So now, let's get a sodium here, and the chloride ion next to it to the point where they are touching.
所以，我们要有一个钠离子，和氯离子放在,相互接触的一个点上。
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And, this minimum here is what gives us the value of the inter-electrode separation, the inter-ion separation.
这个最小值就是,电极间距离的值，离子间距离的值。
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So, if we have energy that's released, would you say that the chlorine ion is more or less stable than the chlorine atom?
那么，如果我们放出了能量，你认为氯离子比氯原子,更稳定还是更不稳定呢？
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So, that also tells us that the n minus ion is less stable than the neutral atom itself.
而且，这还告诉我们,负一价的氮离子不如中性氮原子稳定。
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The z effective is lower, so we have to put less energy in to get an ion out.
它的有效核电量更低，所以我们只需要更少的能量就能打出一个离子。
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What all of these channels have is what's called a selectivity filter, so this filter filters out the type of ion that's going to be allowed through.
这些离子通道都有的一部分,就是所谓的选择性过滤器，这个过滤器,会滤过允许穿过的离子。
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And what I am going to do is say start with this ion, add up the energy associated with the interactions between that ion and everybody else in the row and then multiply it by Avogadro's number, because that is the number of atoms there are in a row.
接下来我要从这一离子开始，加上相互作用的能量，也就是这一离子,和其它所有在这一行的离子之间的能量,再乘以阿伏加德罗常数，因为这是在一行的原子的数量。
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And they remain two atoms per ion pair discretely bombing around in the gas phase.
每个离子对中仍含有两个院子,分散得分布于气相中。
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now we're dealing with a lot of different atoms in the molecule, much more complicated than the initial case of the cyanide ion where we only had two.
现在我们要面对的分子中有很多不同的原子，比我们一开始只有两个,原子的氰离子复杂多了。
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In the presence of this ligand, this molecule, it's open, it allows transport of this ion, when the ligand is gone it doesn't.
配体存在的情况下通道才打开,允许这些离子穿过,配体离开后,这些离子就不能通过了
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So if we consider lithium, potassium, and sodium, they're all together in the same group on the periodic table, knowing what we do about biology we can immediately think of sodium and potassium, or even just knowing what you know about table salt, for example, that these are two elements that we find, and particularly in the ion form in very high concentrations in our body.
我们来考虑一下锂，钾和钠，它们都在周期表中的同一族里，想要知道我们将元素周期律,用到生物学会怎么样，我们首先想到的就是钠和钾，甚至只需要知道食盐，我们发现它们是以很高浓度的离子形式,存在于我们体内的两种元素。
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