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"I was appalled. When you read through it it's sort of like it's a memo out of some science fiction movie - I mean, the temperature of the air can't be any lower than thus and so, you can't do it for any few minutes.
VOA: standard.2009.04.17
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You measure your temperature is a little up, you've got a fever, something's wrong, I better find out what that is' because temperature is a very highly controlled variable.
你测出体温偏高是,你就发烧了,身体哪里出问题了,我最好把问题找出来,因为体温是一个严格控制的身体指标
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And the path that I'm describing then, let's assume that we're raising the temperature up is this path right here.
经过一个，等压过程,路径就是这样。
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Some of the challenges that you see here I mentioned before, so there are problems with drought, with pests, with temperature changes and the like.
我之前提到的,你们所见的这些挑战,如干旱问题,虫害问题以及温度变化之类的
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If I then put it back into its original condition, lower the heat say, temperature back to body temperature and reduce the pH down to seven again, the molecules will re-nature.
假如我把烧杯的温度恢复到初始状态,降低温度,温度降低到体温,将pH值降低到七,这些分子会复性
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Yet, the temperature goes up. So, I can have a temperature change which is an adiabatic temperature change.
它与外界不会，有物质或者能量的流动,然而系统的温度升高了。
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Now, we saw before, or really I should say we accepted before, that for an ideal gas, u was a function of temperature only.
我们已经看到,或者说我们已经接受这样一个事实，即理想气体的内能只和温度有关。
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In other words, now I know how to tell how the Helmholtz free energy changes as a function of temperature.
换句话说，我现在知道如何写出亥姆赫兹,自由能作为温度的函数。
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And then maybe I raise the temperature to whatever, room temperature, maybe 20 degrees hotter than room temperature. And I again say OK, now how much heat do I need to raise this thing's temperature by 1 degree?
我可能把温度升到，比如室温,或者比室温高20度之类,然后我再说，好,现在要把这个东西的温度,升高一度需要多少热量？
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So I've got, this piston here is compressed, and I slowly, slowly increase the volume, drop the temperature.
这样，这个活塞就被压缩了，然后我再很慢很慢地增加它的体积，降低温度。
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So, all I want to do now is look at the derivatives of the free energies with respect to temperature and volume and pressure.
我现在所要做的一切就是,考察自由能对,温度，体积和压强的偏导数。
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I want to cool a gas with a Joule-Thomson experiment, what temperature do I have to be at?
给气体降温时,需要到达什么温度？
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Now, if I want to change those quantities; change the temperature, change the volume, how will it change?
如果我现在打算改变这些量;,改变温度，改变体积，它会如何改变？
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Now, I know how to relate the heat flow to temperature change, through the heat capacity.
现在我知道怎样把能量的流动,和温度的变化联系起来，通过热容。
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So again with the Gibbs free energy, now I see how to determine, if I change the pressure, if I change the temperature by some modest amount, how much is the Gibbs free energy going to change?
再一次通过吉布斯自由能，我知道当我，适当的改变压强和，温度的时候，吉布斯自由能如何变化？
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Now to make that happen, it's not adiabatic, right. If I wanted to do that, I'd need a heating element or something to cool, so I could make that temperature change happen, right.
要实现这点，它就不会是绝热的，对吧，如果我想做到这点,我需要一个加热元件或什么制冷的东西,这样我才能让温度变化。
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T2 Is the temperature T2 in this process smaller or larger than if I were to do the process reversibly with the same endpoint pressure.
这里的末态温度,与经过可逆绝热过程,到达相同压强的末态温度相比哪个比较高呢？
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Similarly for G as a function of temperature and pressure, I can go through the same procedure.
同样的G作为,温度和压强的函数，我可以采用相同的步骤。
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If I'm working under conditions of constant temperature and volume, that's very useful.
如果在恒定的温度和体积下,进行一个过程，这是非常方便的。
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I suppose we could specify the surroundings temperature.
假定我们能够,确定环境的温度。
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So I just got to get rid of the temperature now.
现在我们。
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I won't end up at the same temperature.
但不结束在相同的温度。
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If I look at different points in my container during that path, I'm going to have to use a different value of pressure or different value of temperature That's not an equilibrium state, and that process turns out then to be an irreversible process.
如果我要研究在路径中容器里的,不同的点，我就得在容器里不同的点上使用,不同的压强值,或不同的温度值,实际上这不是个平衡态，这个过程是,不可逆过程。
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So I'll start at some initial temperature, T1.
那么我从某个初始温度T1开始。
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If there's no heat flow between the b and c, then I can say all right, a and c were the same temperature.
如果在与之间没有热量流动，那么我就可以说，好吧与处于相同的温度。
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You need a substance and then that substance has to have a property that changes depending on the heat flow, i.e., depending on whether it's sensing that it's the same temperature or different temperature than something else.
你需要某种物质,它的某种性质,随着热量的流动而改变，也就是说,依赖于它是否感觉到它,与其他的物体处于相同的温度。
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Path number 3 is a constant temperature path, and I already wrote the answer.
它是一个等温过程，我已经写出了答案。
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Somehow I've gotta get rid of the temperature and make it pressure instead.
应当用压强,来消去温度。
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I want to measure the temperature.
我想要测量温度。
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I change the temperature, what does that mean?
只改变温度，偏H偏p是多少？
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