We're exposed to things that might cause cancer where weren't exposed to them before and so that might be a reason.

我们暴露于可能致癌的物质中,这些物质在以前是没有的,这可能就是原因之一

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Justin So Justin said it could be new things that are around and you're exposed to stuff we weren't exposed to before and that's true.

贾斯汀,贾斯汀认为我们周围的环境,出现了很多新物质,并且人们暴露在前所未有的环境中,这是事实

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Yeah, so you're asking, if for example, why do you need a booster of tetanus, because if I get exposed to tetanus wouldn't I have this rapid response?

所以你会问,举个例子来说,已经感染过破伤风杆菌的人,为什么仍然需要接种破伤风疫苗,身体不是应该马上对该病菌做出应答吗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Right, but if you just got the primary exposure, wouldn't the secondary response automatically-- not a booster shot, just the secondary response, because you were exposed?

但这时你已经获得这样的初次免疫,而因为你已经天然感染过该病毒,那么,在没有加强针的情况下,二次免疫是否无法自动发生

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The question is, "If you're naturally exposed to antigen wouldn't this happen anyway?"

她的问题是,在自然条件下,如果接触某种抗原,那么就是否就不发生二次免疫

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

One of the things that estrogen does when cells are exposed to estrogen is that certain genes get turned on that weren't turned on in the estrogen-free state.

雌激素的功能是,当细胞所处环境中有雌激素时,一些在雌激素不存在的条件下,无法表达基因就能够表达

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选