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That cells that form tissues often have junctions that hold them together so that they don't fall apart and they exist as a solid piece of tissue.
组织细胞通常通过,细胞连接而联系在一起,所以它们不会分散开来,而保持坚固的组织形态
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If you take in more calories than you consume, it gets stored in the fat cells, that's the energy bank that you can draw upon if you don't have enough food and starvation or famine were an issue.
如果你摄入的热量超过消耗的,热量就会存储在脂肪细胞中,这就是能量库,你可以在,食物不够以及饥饿或饥荒的时候利用它
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In the same way cells get activated but these are different cells, these are T helper cells that get activated by MHC2.
以相同方法另一些不同的细胞也被激活,它们是被MHC2激活的T附助细胞
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Let me rewind slightly in the story so that I don't actually mislead because I forgot to update these two cells.
我们先倒回去一点,我没有误导，因为我忘记了,更新这两个单元。
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In this case here, you're generating host cells, cytotoxic T-cells, that can kill only very specific cells, cells that are expressing this foreign antigen.
而在这个例子中,人产生宿主细胞,即细胞毒性T细胞,它只会消灭特定的细胞,也就是携带特定异己抗原的细胞
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Remember that these cells are relatively large compared to bacteria and so diffusion doesn't occur very quickly over this length scale.
要知道这些细胞相对细菌而言,还是比较大的,扩散作用在这种尺度上,发生得不是那么快
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It can't enter cells because it's too big and it's too water soluble so it can't go through cell membranes.
它的分子太大了所以无法进入细胞,而且还是水溶性的,所以它也无法穿过细胞膜
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It's very water soluble and it's a big molecule, a very big molecule; it can't naturally get inside cells on its own.
它是一个水溶性极强的大分子,非常非常大的分子,质粒在自然状态下并不能自己进入细胞
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So, they don't start killing all the cells in your respiratory system; they only kill the cells that are harboring the virus.
所以它们不会杀死所有呼吸系统内的细胞,只杀死那些被病毒感染的细胞
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You don't want to generate a lot of cells that just start killing every cell inside your body.
你可不会希望产生一大堆这样的细胞,在你体内大开杀戒
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I don't need to say too much probably about why cells need to communicate with each other but this is a schematic version.
我可能无需讲太多关于,细胞之间需要通讯的原因,这是一张示意图
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Not all the cells are dividing; in fact, cells in your brain don't proliferate at all.
不是所有细胞都能分裂,事实上,脑细胞根本不增殖
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Because of that, if I eat something that's rich in glucose, so it has lots of sugar molecules, the sugar molecules can't pass between the cells.
因此,如果我吃了富含葡萄糖的食物,尽管其含有很多的糖分子,但糖分子不能从细胞间通过
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An example is production of certain molecules called cytokines by T-cells that activate themselves.
细胞能分泌这类叫做细胞因子的分子,实现自激活
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Now, t-cells are also involved in humoral immunity but they're not the end result.
细胞也参与体液免疫,但它并不是体液免疫的最终应答结果
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But skin cells and brain cells and pancreas cells aren't doing the same things.
但皮肤细胞,脑细胞和胰腺细胞,却发挥着完全不同的作用
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Some small subsets do but most of the cells in your brain don't proliferate and that's because they get trapped at one portion of the cell cycle.
除了很小一部分以外大部分脑细胞不增殖,这是因为,它们停滞于细胞周期的某个阶段
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They can't always neutralize viruses because the viruses are predominantly inside cells.
抗体不是总能中和病毒,因为病毒主要在细胞中
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Because on second exposure there's another population of cells that I haven't mentioned before that remain after the primary exposure and those are called memory cells, they're down here.
因为在再次免疫中,有另外一些细胞,我之前并没有提到过它们,在初次免疫结束后保留下来的细胞,被称为记忆细胞,它们在下面
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One of the things that estrogen does when cells are exposed to estrogen is that certain genes get turned on that weren't turned on in the estrogen-free state.
雌激素的功能是,当细胞所处环境中有雌激素时,一些在雌激素不存在的条件下,无法表达基因就能够表达
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Human cells don't have a cell wall but most bacteria do.
人类细胞没有细胞壁而大部分细菌有
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Human cells, most human cells, don't function very well in suspension.
人类细胞,至少是大部分人类细胞,在悬浮培养时不能很好的执行细胞功能
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One way that that's done is by introducing genes into cancer cells, genes that aren't normally expressed in any mammalian cell, but that will cause the cancer cell to die.
已经成功应用的一种方法是,将基因导入癌细胞,而这种基因通常不在哺乳动物细胞中表达,但是可以导致癌细胞的死亡
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Now that's going to be important when we talk about making human gene - making human proteins inside alternate hosts like bacteria, that they can't do all the things that your cells can do.
这一步骤在我们谈到,利用像细菌那样的宿主,来生成人类蛋白时非常重要,因为细菌并不具备人类细胞的全部功能
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There are different kinds of cell walls in bacteria but they have a rigid cell wall and our cells don't have a rigid cell wall, we have a fluid lipid like cell wall.
细菌有不同种类的细胞壁,但都很坚固,人类细胞没有坚固的细胞壁,我们有一层类似细胞壁的流动的脂类
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Even if that beaker had all the nutrients that skin cells needed they wouldn't survive very well in solution, they tend to need to be stuck to a surface in order to survive.
即使供给它们所有所需的养分,它们也不能在溶液中正常存活,皮肤细胞倾向于贴壁生长
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There are services now, we don't know yet how to get those stem cells out of cord blood and how to use them for therapies, but it's reasonable to think that we might know about this in 30 years.
现在已经有提供这样的服务了,我们现在还不知道如何从脐带血中,提取这些干细胞并用于治疗,但有理由相信,在未来的30年内我们会知道的
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Now, a virus is not capable of reproducing on its own, so if you got a virus into your body somehow and it didn't enter any of your cells, it would cause no damage because it could not reproduce.
病毒自身并不能繁殖,所以如果你的身体感染了病毒,而病毒没有进入细胞的话,因其不能繁殖所以不会对身体造成伤害
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The other part of the adaptive immune system is the cell mediated immune system and this is an immune where that doesn't involve antibodies but involves cells that are activated in response to a foreign antigen and that utilize cellular means to get rid of it.
获得性免疫系统还包括,细胞免疫,这一免疫反应不包含抗体,但包含可以被激活来应答,并清除外源抗原的免疫细胞
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So, the classes of T-cells: macrophages, natural killer cells, these are a class of cells that's particularly important called dendritic cells.
这类T淋巴细胞包括巨噬细胞,自然杀伤细胞等 统称为树突细胞,树突细胞尤为重要
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