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A Happy Meal that includes a cheeseburger,French fries, and a soda contains half a day's worth of calories and saturated fat, along with nearly a day's worth of sodium, and two day's worth of sugar.
VOA: standard.2010.06.24
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For example, sodium in our blood plasma is almost to the point sometimes of 100 millimol or that's very, very concentrated.
比如，钠在我们的血浆中的浓度,有时几乎达到了一百毫克分子,或者说非常非常浓。
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So now, let's get a sodium here, and the chloride ion next to it to the point where they are touching.
所以，我们要有一个钠离子，和氯离子放在,相互接触的一个点上。
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You got cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrate here, broken down as fiber and sugars, and that's very helpful information to know.
这里还有胆固醇,钠及碳水化合物含量,碳水化合物又被细分为膳食纤维和糖,这也是很有用的信息
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So, for example, for sodium, we can instead write neon and then 3 s 1.
所以举例来说对于钠其他的外层电子，的结合的电子。
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All cell membranes have these channels within them, and under their resting conditions sodium is moving from outside to inside, potassium's moving from inside to outside.
所有细胞膜上都有这种通道结构,在静息状态下,钠从细胞外流向细胞内,钾从细胞内流向细胞外
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And so what you're going to end up with is, well, let's go over that. Here is sodium and chloride.
你将以之结尾，好吧，我们跳过那个，这是钠和氯。
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Sodium has the electronic structure Now, that's not an octet, but it's not far.
钠的电子结构是,现在它还不是一个八电子结构，但差的并不多。
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And you will form a crystal of sodium chloride as a result of this need to form crystal expressed through the Coulomb's Law.
你能得到氯化钠晶体,因此，形成晶体所需要的条件,在库伦定律中通篇都有表达。
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That's shown functionally here but recovery means that this sodium channel becomes closed again.
在此展示了这项功能,恢复代表着钠离子通道再次关闭
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So, here's sodium.
所以，这是钠离子。
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So, for example, here we're showing rubidium and potassium and sodium plotted where we're plotting the frequency -- that's the frequency of that light that's coming into the metal versus the kinetic energy of the electron that's ejected from the surface of the metal.
让大家看来都是可以理解的事情,就是把不同金属的观测结果,画到一张图里面来，例如这里,我们展示的是钠，钾,铷的频率-这是照射金属的光的频率,和金属表面出射电子动能的关系。
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87 Let's check. Here is sodium plus chlorine. It's 787.
我们检查一下，这是钠加上氯，是。
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And I say, well, let's look at something like sodium.
我认为我们还是看一下钠。
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Let's look at sodium.
我们来看一下钠。
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The balance of sodium movement relative to potassium movement changes because there's this resting movement of all these molecules anyway, but that balance changes dramatically when these ion - when these gated ion channels open.
钠钾各自运动始终保持动态的平衡,因为尽管在静息状态,所有这些离子也在运动,但是平衡的剧烈变化,只发生在这些门控离子通道打开的时侯
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Now, it's more complicated than that because it's not just sodium channels that are involved, there are potassium channels also, and the interplay between sodium channels opening and potassium channels opening, this is described in some detail in your book.
现在 事情更复杂了,因为这一过程不仅关系着钠离子通道,也关系着钾离子通道,以及钠离子通道和钾离子通道之间开关,的相互作用,书中有详细解释
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So, for example, if we look at sodium channels, and sodium channels are some of the particularly prevalent ones when we're talking about neurons, if you think about the cell membrane, and this little green cartoon is me trying to show a sodium channel here, and in this case, you can see that it's closed, such that no ions are getting through.
比如，让我们来看一下钠离子通道，钠离子通道是我们会经常遇到的几个之一,在讨论神经元的时候，如果大家想想细胞膜，而这个绿色的小示意图就是我用来表示,钠离子通道的，在这种情况下，大家可以看到它是关闭的，因此没有离子可以通过。
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So it's really sodium you can think of electronically as neon plus the 3s1 electron. It's so close.
看到这个电子结构,你真的能想到钠，在电子结构上钠就是氖,加上这个3s层的电子，它们是如此接近。
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So if you're working with cyanide in the lab as potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide, those are what are called p h s's, it's a rating for different kinds of chemicals.
因此如果你在实验室中,需要用到氰化物，比如氰化钾或者氰化钠，这就是所谓的，“P，H，S“,这是化学药品有害程度的一个级别。
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So for sodium, again, we can write n e 3s1 and then 3 s 1.
对于钠，再一次,我们可以写Ne然后。
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r+ And let's say that sodium has a radius, r plus, r- and chlorine has a radius, r minus, when r is very large in comparison to the radii of the ions, I don't need to draw them this way.
让我们假设钠有半径，是，氯也有半径，是，当r比离子半径大很多的时候，我不需要这样来描述。
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