So aspirin can reduce pain and swelling in damaged tissues.

VOA: special.2009.10.20

So pain's probably intrinsically bad; pleasure is intrinsically good.

所以痛苦的固有价值是坏的;,愉快的固有价值是好的。

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

So the pain you're suffering now is actually instrumentally valuable, useful as a means, even though it's intrinsically bad.

所以你现在忍受的痛苦,是有利用价值的，作为手段是有用的，尽管痛苦本身是坏的。

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

So,do they serve a purpose in reducing physical pain?

VOA: special.2009.08.18

Bentham arrives at this principle by the following line of reasoning: We're all governed by pain and pleasure, they are our sovereign masters, and so any moral system has to take account of them.

边沁是这样论证这一原则的：,我们都受到痛苦和快乐的支配，苦乐是我们至高无上的主宰，因此任何道德体系都应考虑到它们。

耶鲁公开课 - 公正课程节选

"We must recognize the profound pain, particularly in communities affected by the conflict and among so many who lost loved ones to the violence.

VOA: standard.2009.05.19

For one thing, one theory is that babies hear other babies cry, because babies are so stupid they think they themselves are crying; if they're crying they must be in some sort of pain so they cry some more."

例如，有理论说婴儿听到别的婴儿哭，因为婴儿都笨得要命,他们以为是自己在哭;,他们会以为自己哭了，那一定是痛了,所以他们就哭得更厉害”

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

"Today,the goal of modern apocalyptic terrorism is often to do as much disruption as possible and kill as many as possible in order to realy shake up the way in which societies operate and governments make decisions and make the pain so high that decisions are reassessed."

VOA: standard.2010.03.30

So, remember all of the little subcommunities that she interacts with have some sort of pain or loss associated with them: the Inamorati Anonymous for example, people who don't want to love.

所以，记住，和她有过相互影响,的那些小区，都有着一定的,痛苦和失落感：,拿“匿名的Inamorati“做例子，那些人不想去爱。

耶鲁公开课 - 1945年后的美国小说课程节选

Why? Because there's more to life than just pleasure and the absence of pain, or so it seems to me.

为什么？因为生命不仅仅是,享受快乐，避免痛苦，我是这样认为。

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

But if the balance of pain over pleasure-- If there's more pain than pleasure so that the balance is negative, that's worse than zero.

如果痛苦减快乐-,如果痛苦多于快乐,那么结果就是负的，比零小。

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

And so we might need to work out various, more complicated, formulas here, where we multiply the pain times its duration and take into account its intensity, get the sheer quantity of pain that way.

我们需要编制出各种，更复杂的公式，以便增加痛苦的倍数，延续时间,还要考虑痛苦的强度，获得痛苦的纯量。

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选