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(OMITTED) He says earthquakes are natural events, but if homes were built properly, the L'Aquila quake would not have been so devastating.
VOA: standard.2010.04.06
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So let's think about lists. So if l is a list, l sort I can call something like s dot sort, l dot sort.
所以让我们想想链表，所以如果l是一个，链表我可以调用像是s，sort的函数。
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They are so juicy and l love the inside where it looks like honey, it sounds so good.
它们鲜嫩多汁，看起来像想蜂蜜一样诱人。听起来太棒了。
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So when we talk about p orbitals, it's similar to talking about s orbitals, and the difference lies, and now we have a different value for l, so l equals 1 for a p orbital, and we know if we have l equal 1, we can have three different total orbitals that have sub-shell of l equalling 1.
当我们考虑ｐ轨道时，这和ｓ轨道的情形和相似，不同之处在于ｌ的值不一样，对于ｐ轨道，ｌ等于１,我们知道如果ｌ等于１,我们有３个,不同的轨道。
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long l So let me try this, long l, and then let me do a little Copy Paste here and say a long is actually the size of l. So let me quit that program; recompile.
让我们来试一下，然后我在这里复制粘贴一下,这里long的大小实际上是l的大小，所以让我退出,那个程序，重新编译。
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So I'm not even willing to use the L words in describing what it is we have." Right?
甚至不愿意,用爱来表达我们之间的关系？
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And so, in this case, l could equal zero, 2 l could equal one or l could equal two.
所以这样的话，l可以等于，也可以等于1或。
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And this spin magnetic quantum number we abbreviate as m sub s, so that's to differentiate from m sub l.
这个自旋磁量子数我们把它简写成ｍ下标ｓ,以和ｍ小标ｌ有所区分。
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So here we have 3 minus l equals 0, because it's an s orbital, minus 1, so we have two radial nodes here.
这里我们有３减去ｌ等于０,因为这是ｓ轨道，减去１,我们有两个径向节点。
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lstd So this is pretty-- similarly might we say this dash L STD for standard, for Standard I/O.
同样也可以是,即标准输入输出库。
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And we give different names, depending on what kind of electrons we're dealing with, so, for example, with h c l here, we can talk about having bonded versus lone pair electrons.
我们还起了不同的名字，给我们要处理的不同类型的电子，以氯化氢为例，我们来介绍一下成键电子与孤对电子。
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So, first, if I point out when l equals 0, when we have an s orbital, what you see is that angular part of the wave function is equal to a constant.
首先，如果ｌ等于０,那就是ｓ轨道，你们可以看到,它波函数的角度部分是一个常数。
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The drug L-DOPA increases the supply of dopamine and so there is something to alleviate, at least temporarily, the symptoms of Parkinson's.
左旋多巴这种药可以增加多巴胺的分泌量,所以这种药物,至少可以暂时性地缓解,帕金森症的症状
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Yup, so one total node, 2 minus 1 is 1, and that means since l is equal to 1, we have one angular nodes, and that leaves us with how many radial nodes?
一个节点，２减去１等于１,因为ｌ等于１,我们有一个角向节点，那剩下径向节点有多少个呢？
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All right. So, when we have, for example, l equal to 1, what kind of orbital is this?
好，例如，当我们有l等于1时，轨道是哪种类型的？
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So, in terms of the c l atom, we need to talk about each atom individually.
对于氯原子，我们需要分开讨论这两个原子。
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l l So what you can do for a 1 s is just take 1 minus 1 and then l is equal to 0, so you have zero radial nodes.
它等于1减去,是等于0的，所以没有节点，这和我们看到的是相符的。
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So if we compare l increasing here, so a 3 s to a 3 p to a 3 d, what we find is that it's only in the s orbital that we have a significant probability of actually getting very close to the nucleus.
我们比较当ｌ变大的时候，从３ｓ到３ｐ到３ｄ,我们可以发现只有ｓ轨道,有很大的概率,非常接近原子核。
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So this means we can only have 2 different values of l.
这就意味着我们只有２个不同的ｌ值。
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Yup. So m sub l could equal 2 negative 2, negative 1, 0, 1 or 2.
嗯，m下标l可以等于,2，-1，0，1，或。
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So we could have five values of m sub l.
所以它可以取5个值。
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You might wanna say dash L math but it turns out /lm it's so common that people just say dash LM.
你们可能会说，/lmath，其实可以简化,因为使用太广泛了，一般都简化为。
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So, if we think of just an example, 2 we could say that 4 l equals 2, what would be our lowest value of m sub l?
举个例子，如果我们说l等于，那m小标l，最小值是多少？
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For an angular node, we're just talking about what the l value is, so whatever l is equal to is equal to the number of angular nodes you have.
对于角向节点，我们其实就是在讨论l，的值是多少，因此不管，l，的值等于几,它就等于你所有的角向节点的数目。
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And then if we think about 3 s, 0 we want to start with 3, we subtract 1, again l is equal to 0, so minus and we have two radial nodes.
我们从3开始，减去，同样的l等于，所以减去0，我们有两个节点，这应该。
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So if we have a 3 d orbital, we're talking about n minus l minus 1, what is n equal to? What is l equal to?
如果我们有一个3d轨道，我们用ｎ减去ｌ减去１,ｎ等于多少？ｌ等于多少？
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ml=-2 So let's say we have n equals 4, and n sub l equalling negative 2.
这里n等于。
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n l So negative e, which is sub n l, because it's a function of n and l in terms of quantum numbers.
也就是负的，E，下标是，因为它是一个,关于量子数，n，和，l，的函数。
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So, our next level up that we can go is going to be the n equals 2 energy level, but we also have an l and an m value, 0 so our lowest l is going to be a there.
所以下一个能量,是n等于2的能级，但我们还有l和m的值，所以我们最低的l等于。
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So if we say that l is just talking about our kinetic energy part, our rotational kinetic energy, and we know that electrons have potential energy, then it makes sense that l, in fact, can never go higher than n.
如果我们说，l仅仅是,描述动能项，我们的旋转动能，我们知道，电子有势能，所以可以理解，l不能比n高。
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