They often involve the generation of what are called 'second messenger' molecules which carry the signal further into the cell.

过程中通常会生成一种叫做,第二信使的分子,将信号更深入地传递至细胞内部

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The signal comes in the form of molecules which we're going to call throughout the lecture here 'ligands'.

信号通常以分子的形式来传递,在这门课里我们把这种分子叫做配体

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now, in this cartoon here I've shown a variety of different receptors just to show just to remind you of the different families of receptor molecules that could be involved in receiving and translating a signal.

这个动画中,我向你们展示了各式各样的受体,为了让你们记住不同族的受体分子,它们都涉及信号的接受和翻译过程

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

There are molecules in cells that give the DNA the signal that it's time to transcribe and express a gene, those are called transcription factors, we'll talk about them a bit later.

在细胞中有些分子能够,给DNA发出信号告诉它,是时候转录和表达某基因了,这些分子叫做转录因子,晚些时候我们会讲它们

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选