We've got to get into these black notes, which can be called sharps or flats.

我们必须涉及这些黑色音符了,它们可以被称为升调或降调

耶鲁公开课 - 聆听音乐课程节选

They're called sharps if they're up above the note in question.

若在我们讨论的那个音符上面,它们就称为升调

耶鲁公开课 - 聆听音乐课程节选

So, flats are below, sharps take you up a half step.

降调是下降半音级,而升调是上升半个

耶鲁公开课 - 聆听音乐课程节选