And this was largely a secular, a less religious movement that focused on the Palestinian identity, nationalizing the conflict, making it national.

这是个非宗教，宗教因素不那么重要的运动,主要集中在于寻求巴勒斯坦身份，把冲突推向国家性质。

普林斯顿公开课 - 人性课程节选

It never lost entirely its original character as an insurgent movement, independent of the state and hostile to it, making claims that challenge the secular authority.

它从来没有失去充满,反抗精神的本原色,它独立于国家并与之格格不入,公然向世俗权威发起挑战

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选