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"Reaching for a cell phone when it's going off, you're nine times more likely to get into an accident than normally driving."
VOA: standard.2010.06.24
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Then we're going to talk about two physiological systems just briefly, where cell communication sort of dominates the behavior of the organ.
然后我将简要地讲到两个生理系统,主要是讲细胞通讯控制器官活动的方式
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so, essentially, they're establishing or controlling or changing the difference between the charge inside the cell and the charge outside cell.
因此本质上来说，它们制造或者控制或者改变,细胞内外电荷之间的电位差。
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For hepatitis C vaccine we're learning a lot from in vitro or cell-based methods."
VOA: standard.2010.02.16
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They're everywhere in cells throughout your body and they are responsible for lots of the biochemistry of cell/cell interaction and signaling.
它们在身体各处的细胞中都有,并负责很多细胞间的相互作用,及信号转导的生化过程
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But, from this moment forth, cell phone goes off, you're out. You leave the room, OK? And, Lord help you if a cell phone goes off during an exam because those things have text messaging capabilities.
但是，从这一刻开始，手机响的话，你们就出去，你们就离开教室，好吗，上帝保佑你的手机不要在考试期间响起,因为它们有发短信的功能。
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When they do find the cell they're capable of interacting with the receptor forming some kind of chemical interaction with the receptor.
但当它们遇到细胞时,就能够与受体相互作用,与受体发生化学反应
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They're red because they contain a special protein called hemoglobin which is very concentrated inside the cell.
红细胞的红色源于,其内部一种叫做血红蛋白的特殊蛋白质,血红蛋白在细胞内的浓度很高
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Many of them are derived from cholesterol and they're hydrophobic, which means they can penetrate through cell membranes.
多数分子都来自于胆固醇,它们是疏水性的,这意味着它们能够穿过细胞膜
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They're small molecules that - whose principal function in the body is to carry signals from one cell in the nervous system to another.
它们都是小分子,在体内主要功能是在,神经系统内将信号,从一个细胞传导到另一个细胞
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They're not responsible necessarily for moving molecules inside and out, but they sit at the outside of the cell and they wait for signals.
它们不负责将分子运进运出,而是冲着细胞外面坐等信号
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Cell communication and immunology is what we're going to - is the topic for this week.
细胞通讯和免疫学,是我们本周要讲的主题
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You're not fishing through a whole chromosome in order to find what you want, but you're going to a cell that's already enriched in it.
你不是大海捞针地,在一整个染色体中找基因,而是在一个充满了,你感兴趣的基因的细胞里找
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This process of using a biological event like resistance to Ampicillin in order to pick out the cell population that you're interested in is called selection.
这个利用生物特性,如对氨苄青霉素的抗性,来挑出你所感兴趣的细胞的过程叫筛选
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And we're going to talk about this more when we talk about cell culturing later, and we'll talk about lots of potential applications of that as well.
当我们晚一点讲细胞培养的时候,会具体讲这些内容,我们也会讲,细胞培养技术的一些潜在应用
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We're going to - one of the reasons why you'll see why cell mediated responses are important is because antigens can appear in your body in different ways.
我们将--,细胞免疫如此重要的一个原因是,抗原能够以不同方式出现在体内
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Okay, today we're going to continue to talk about cell communication.
好的,今天我们继续谈谈细胞通讯
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Ok, today we're going to continue our discussion of cellular principles and lead into cell culture technology which will be the subject of the section meeting this afternoon, so just to remind you about the sections.
今天我们继续讨论细胞学原理,之后再引申到细胞培养技术,这也是我们今天下午分组讨论会的主题,顺便提醒一句,下午有组会
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In some cells they're recycled, that is the cell is able to take up the neurotransmitter after it's released and restore it, but most often there are enzyme systems inside the pre-synaptic membrane where those neurotransmitters are synthesized.
在一些细胞中神经递质可以循环利用,这些细胞可以吸收,已经释放出的神经递质并重新储存起来,但更常见的是突触前膜中含有酶系统,在此合成神经递质
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The connective tissue is one of those four main types of tissue, they're supporting material - supporting tissues that surround other cells in the body and give the cell - and give the body much of its mechanical property.
结缔组织是四种主要组织类型中的一种,它们是支持物--是,包围在体内其它细胞周围的支持组织,并赋予身体大部分的机械性能
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Now, sodium and potassium don't ordinarily move across membranes, they're charged molecules, they can't dissolve, they can't permeate through a cell membrane, but they go through because there are channels that allow them to pass through in the membrane.
钠和钾通常是不能跨过细胞膜的,它们都是带电粒子,它们不能溶解在细胞膜中,不能渗透通过细胞膜,但它们之所以能通过细胞膜,全赖膜上离子通道的作用
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What extracellular matrix you have in any particular tissue is there because there's a balance between it being produced by one kind of cell and digested by another, and you're in this sort of state of dynamic equilibrium.
特定组织中,细胞外基质的多少,取决于一个,分泌与降解的平衡,这是一种动态的平衡关系
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So, for example, if we look at sodium channels, and sodium channels are some of the particularly prevalent ones when we're talking about neurons, if you think about the cell membrane, and this little green cartoon is me trying to show a sodium channel here, and in this case, you can see that it's closed, such that no ions are getting through.
比如，让我们来看一下钠离子通道，钠离子通道是我们会经常遇到的几个之一,在讨论神经元的时候，如果大家想想细胞膜，而这个绿色的小示意图就是我用来表示,钠离子通道的，在这种情况下，大家可以看到它是关闭的，因此没有离子可以通过。
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All the cells in your body have the capability of making all the proteins that you make, but they're not all made in every cell.
你体内的所有细胞,都有表达体内所有种类的蛋白的能力,但细胞并不会表达所有的蛋白质
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Basically, you're introducing this gene into cells that when you give the right inactive drug that will cause the cell to make chemicals that kill it.
概括来说,当你把这个自杀基因导入,含有特定未激活药物的细胞时,二者作用就使细胞生成了,可以杀死自己的化合物
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They're fully functional organisms that can reproduce on their own, and they can start growing outside of any cell and that's what they do, they live extracellularly.
细菌可是麻雀虽小五脏俱全,它们能够凭借自身繁殖,可以在任意一个细胞外开始增殖,它们就是这样做的,在细胞外生长繁殖
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Because of that they're barriers, they separate the inside of the cell from the outside of a cell, and only certain kinds of molecules can pass through a cell membrane.
因为它们的屏障作用,将细胞内外区隔开来,只有特定的,某些分子才能穿过细胞膜
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They also allow their populations of proteins on the surface of each cell that allow it to interact with its environment, they're receptors and cell adhesion receptors like I talked about last time.
它们同时也使得,这些细胞表面的蛋白质群,使得细胞能够和周围环境进行互动,它们是受体和细胞粘附受体,我上次也说过的
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In terms of function they're very important because this stem cell which is produced goes back into the population of stem cells and is able to repeat this process to form new committed progenitor cells and to form new stem cells.
但就功能而言这些干细胞则至关重要,因为这类分裂产生的子细胞,依然是干细胞,可以再次重复上述步骤,生成新的定向祖细胞,和新的干细胞
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Because these molecules can span across the membrane from outside to inside, they're in just the right position to take messages that they receive from outside the cell and transmit them through the membrane into the cells internal apparatus, and that's what they do.
因为这些分子能穿过细胞膜,连通细胞内外,它们所在的位置非常适于接受信息,它们能将外界获得的信息,通过细胞膜传递给细胞器,这正是它们的功能
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