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So we can have, if we have the final quantum number m equal plus 1 or minus 1, we're dealing with a p x or a p y orbital.
所以如果我们有,磁量子数ｍ等于正负１,我们讨论的就是ｐｘ或者ｐｙ轨道。
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And for a couple of reasons, one this is the first P set where we're actually gonna give you code to work from.
由于一些原因，这里是第一个习题集,在此我们提供了一些代码供大家参考。
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Of such a person we might say, they're no longer capable of P-functioning.
有人也许会说，他们已经没有人格功能能力。
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So it's along the bond axis and it's between a carbon s p 2 hybrid, and then the hydrogen is just a 1 s orbital that we're combining here.
所以它是沿着键轴方向的,而且这里是一个碳sp2杂化轨道，和一个氢的1s轨道的结合,在这里我们可以合并他们。
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We want a relationship in p-V space, not in T-V space. So we're going to have to do something about that. But first, it turns out that now we have this R over Cv.
我们想要p-V空间中的结果，而不是T-V空间中的,因此需要做一些变换，先来看现在的关系，它跟R/Cv有关。
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Now we're going to--notice there's no subscript on this P and you'll see why in a second.
我们要,注意这个P没有角标,你们很快会知道这是为什么
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What we're proposing here is that you take a nice low energy s electron and move it into a higher energy p orbital.
我们这里说的是,你把一个低能s电子,移到高能p轨道里去。
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If we say that to be a person is to be a P-functioning body, it seems then as though we have to conclude that when you're not P-functioning, you're dead.
如果说人是一个有人格功能性的实体，似乎就能得出以下结论,如果你没有人格功能性，你就是死亡的。
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We're going to change the pressure above, Pext right now there's a p external, which is equal to p on the inside.
来改变外界条件，可以改变外界的压强，它将与气体压强p相等。
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So, it turns out that in this case, 2 p and any time that we see we're going from a 2 s to 2 p, filling in of electrons, we actually see that little bit of glitch in ionization energy.
在这种情形下的结果就是，任何时候我们从，2，s，到，填充进电子，我们都会看到电离能会稍稍偏离我们的规律。
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And by state we just mean orbital, so if we're looking at the p orbitals here, x that means that a single electron goes in x, and then it will go in the z orbital before a second one goes in the x orbital.
我们说的态仅仅意味着轨道，所以如果我们观察这里的p轨道，那意味着单个电子进入，然后它会进入z轨道,在它第二个进入x之前。
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So if you're going to turn the crank v on the math correctly, you're going Cv to have to change this p into a V somehow.
所以如果哟啊正确地推导,我们需要把这个p变成,因为从数学上说这不是。
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So that's true for a hydrogen atom, it doesn't matter if you're in a p or an s orbital, their energies are the same.
这对于氢原子来说是这样的，不论是p或，者s轨道，能量是一样的。
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All right, so if we think about b h bond here, again, it's the sigma bond, and we're going to say it's a boron 2 s p 2 hybrid orbital interacting with a hydrogen 1 s orbital.
这可以告诉我们，为什么它倾向于周围只有6个电子，好了，考虑一下这里的BH键,同样的，它是sigma键,我们说。
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So it already should make sense why we have that p orbital there, in order to form a pi bond, we're going to need a p orbital.
这里有p轨道是很合理的,为什么我们在这里有P轨道，为了形成一个π键，我们需要一个p轨道。
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l So, if we're talking about a 4 p orbital, and our equation is n minus 1 minus l, the principle quantum number is 1 4, 1 is 1 -- what is l for a p orbital?
我们方程是n减去1减去，主量子数是，4，1是1，--p轨道的l是多少？,学生：
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But it doesn't actually cost as much energy as you might think, because in this s orbital here we have a paired electron situation where we're moving up to a p orbital where the electron is no longer paired, so it won't feel quite as much electron repulsion, but nonetheless, this is going to cost us energy.
但它消耗的并没有,你们想象的那么多,因为s轨道里我们电子是配对的,当我们把，电子移到p轨道,电子不再配对，所以它不会感受到那么多的电子排斥，但尽管如此，这个过程还是要消耗能量的。
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And it turns out that if we have a, for example, for s, a very large z effective or larger z effective than for 2 p, and we plug in a large value here in the numerator, that means we're going to end up with a very large negative number.
结果是如果我们有一个，举例来说对于s一个很大的有效电荷量或者,比2p大的有效电荷量，并且我们将一个较大的值代入计算器，那意味着我们最后会得到,一个非常大的负数。
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And again, this is between the p orbitals, these are not hybrid orbitals, so when we name this bond we're going to name it as a pi bond here, because it's between two p orbitals, and it's going to be between the carbon 2 p y orbital, and the other carbon 2 p y orbital.
同样，这是在p轨道之间的，它们不是杂化轨道，所以当我们命名这个键时,我们要命名它为π键，因为它在两个p轨道之间，而且是在碳2py轨道，和另一个碳2py轨道之间。
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OK, in a few weeks, you're going to find out that we can calculate dH/dp from this equation of state, and you're going to find p out that dH/dp from that equation of state b-a/RT is proportional to b minus a over RT.
好，在接下来几个星期里,你们将知道从这个状态方程,可以计算出偏H偏p，并且你们会发现,从这个状态方程得到的偏H偏,正比于。
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So now we're putting 2 electrons into the same p orbital, that's not a problem, we can do it, it's not a huge energy cost to do that.
现在我们在同一个，p，轨道上放了两个电子，这没问题，我们可以这样做，这样不会亏损太多能量。
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In contrast when we're looking at a p orbital, so any time l is equal to 1, and you look at angular part of the wave function here, what you see is the wave function either depends on theta or is dependent on both theta and phi.
相反当我们看ｐ轨道时，任何时候ｌ等于１,你们看它的角向波函数，你们可以看到它要么是和theta有关,要么是和theta和phi都有关。
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So it's OK to not specify. I want to point out, pz whether you're in the p x, the p y, or the p z, unless a question specifically m asks you to specify the m sub l, which occasionally will happen, but if it doesn't happen you just write it like this.
我想指出的是，无论你在px，py或，除非一个问题特别地,让你指出l下面的，这种情况有时会发生，这样就可以了,但是如果它不做要求你们写成。
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pxa So what happens when we add a 2 p a and we subtract from it a 2 p x b, or the same with a 2 p y a subtracting a 2 p y b, is that we're actually going to cancel out the wave function in the center, so we now have 2 nodal planes.
当我们用,减去2pxb时，或者是2pya减去2pyb时，我们会消去,中间的波函数，所以现在我们有两个节面。
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All right, so what we see here is we have our sigma bond that's along the internuclear axis here, but we also have a pi bond, because each of these atoms now has electrons in it's in a p orbital, so we're going to overlap of electron density above and below the bond.
这里我们看到sigma键,是沿着核间轴的，但我们还有一个π键，因为每个原子的p轨道上,都有电子，所以电子密度在键的上面,和下面都有电子密度交叠。
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