If the Fed wants to push the Federal Funds Rate up and down it goes and buys short-term government bonds.

如果联邦希望推动,联邦资金利率上升下降,它将会去买短期的政府债券。

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

Well, for one thing, the rating companies who rate these bonds.

嗯，一方面来说，评级公司,为债券评级。

斯坦福公开课 - 经济学课程节选