The mathematical theory of probability was unknown until that time and you can see that insurance suddenly made an appearance at that time.

在那之前,概率的数学理论,是不存在的,而随着概率论的出现,保险业也突然出现了

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

The real insurance industry, as I mentioned before, began in the 1600s with the invention of probability theory and with the invention of life tables for-- the invention of actuarial science; but, it grew slowly.

正如我刚才所提到的,真正的保险始于17世纪,这得益于概率论,寿命表以及,精算学的产生,但是,它的发展很缓慢

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选