He says there is nothing new in the American position and that he expects a pretty calm reaction from Russia as long as the United States does not turn words into action.

VOA: standard.2010.07.05

So, a protein that has tyrosine and it has tyrosine in a position such that it's on the outside of the protein and accessible to chemical reaction can be phosphorylated.

所以,一种蛋白质中含有酪氨酸,并且该酪氨酸位于,像蛋白质的外侧这样的位置,这样才能够发生磷酸化反应

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Some proteins can be switched from an 'off' position where they don't do anything to an 'on' position where they now do something by only a chemical reaction like this where a phosphorous is added.

一些蛋白质可以从关闭状态的,无所作为,到成为开启状态后,执行某种功能,中间只发生了一个引入磷酸基的化学反应

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If that protein is an enzyme then you've and you've switched it from an 'off' position where it's not catalyzing a reaction to an 'on' position where it is, you've changed the biochemical state of the cell, you've changed the chemical reactions that can occur within the cell, and you've changed its behavior.

如果这种蛋白是一种酶的话,你就能够将酶从无催化作用的静息态,激活至能催化反应的激活态,你改变了细胞的生化状态,也改变了细胞内发生的化学反应,改变了细胞的行为

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选