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So, I started off with Piaget, and Piaget, like Freud, believed in general, across the board changes in how children think.
我先来说说皮亚杰,和弗洛伊德一样,皮亚杰相信,总体上看,儿童的思维方式会发生全面的改变
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You take a nine-month-old and for Piaget a nine-month-old is just starting to make sense of objects and their permanence.
你找到一个九个月大的婴儿,在皮亚杰看来,九个月大的婴儿才刚刚发展出,客体以及客体永存性的概念
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Most of what we do these days, our methods, our theories, our ideas, are shaped, to some extent, by Piaget's influence.
我们这些天所讲的,各种方法,理论,思想,它们的形成都在一定程度上,受到了皮亚杰的影响
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It's possible that due to the methodological limitations of Piaget, he systematically underestimated what children and babies know.
皮亚杰很可能由于研究方法上的局限,而系统地低估了婴幼儿的理解能力
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Now, it's entirely not true, but it's a beautiful phrase and Piaget was committed to this.
现在看来,这个观点完全错误,但这却是个美妙的短语,皮亚杰对此深信不疑
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But kids, according to Piaget,don't know that and this is one of the real cool demonstrations.
但皮亚杰认为儿童并不知道会这样,这个概念是非常精彩的证据之一
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And Piaget argued that these two mechanisms of learning drove the child through different stages.
皮亚杰认为,这两种学习机制,帮助儿童跨越各个阶段
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Another significant finding Piaget had about this phase of development concerns what's called "conservation."
皮亚杰在该发展阶段中的另一个重大发现,就是"守恒"
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So, for Piaget, the first stage is the sensorimotor stage or the sensorimotor period.
皮亚杰认为,第一个阶段,是感知运动阶段,或者说,感知运动期
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Now, Piaget fared a lot better than did Freud or Skinner for several reasons.
皮亚杰要比弗洛伊德或是斯金纳成功很多,原因有以下几点
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Before Piaget, nobody noticed that babies had this problem tracking and understanding objects.
在皮亚杰之前,并没有人注意到婴儿在追踪和理解客体上,存在着守恒的问题
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At the same time, however, there are limitations in Piaget's theory.
然而,与此同时,皮亚杰的理论也有其局限之处
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Piaget meant it in a more technical way.
皮亚杰对该词的定义则更为专业
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Before Piaget, nobody noticed these conservation findings.
在皮亚杰之前,没有人注意到守恒
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Piaget observed kids would still reach for this.
皮亚杰观察到,婴儿仍然会将手伸向此处
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Piaget's very interesting claim is that kids don't.
皮亚杰认为,婴儿并没有这一概念
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