JFK, when making the plea for equal rights, didn't produce an abstract philosophical argument but rather tried to invite his listeners who were white to engage in perspective taking.

当肯尼迪呼吁实行平等权利时，他并没有提出抽象的哲学理由,而请求那些听他呼吁的白人,从黑人的角度进行思考。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

The argument I'm about to sketch is a purely philosophical argument, not really so much a matter of who can explain this or that feature of us better than anybody else.

我接下来要介绍的,是一个纯粹的哲学论证,并非绝对意义上的,解释优劣决定孰强孰弱

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It's an argument that doesn't seem to have any empirical premises; it works from purely armchair philosophical reflection.

这是一个没有任何经验前提的论证,它完全只是躺在椅子上对哲学的思考得出

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And I've got to tell you, to this day there's a debate in the philosophical community about whether or not this argument works.

我已经告诉过你们,现今哲学界依旧在争论,到底这个论证是否正确

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选