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Raphael painted these people teaching and learning around the philosophers Plato and Aristotle.
VOA: special.2010.02.03
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They seem to be designed less to recruit philosophers and potential philosophers than to shape and educate citizens and future statesmen.
它们看来较不像,要吸引哲学家,和潜在哲学家,反倒像是要形塑及教育公民,和未来的政治家。
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So on that I'm going to end today and next time we will talk about justice, the philosophers and Plato's discovery of America.
今天，我要以此作结,下次我们将谈到正义、,哲学家及透过柏拉图探索美国。
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Philosophers and psychologists who fall under the constrained vision create them, philosophies and psychologies and institutions and systems to channel our flawed and imperfect nature.
执有这种观点的,哲学家和心理学家创造了它们，创建了人生哲学，心理学，各种机构和体系,来引导我们有缺点的不完美的人性。
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My hope is that if I do it well enough, people who aren't philosophers and are interested exclusively in conceptual analysis will get something out of it.
我希望如果我做得足够好，可以让那些不是哲学家但是,对概念分析感兴趣的人,得到一些启发。
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How would you have had the great Roman philosophers and thinkers?
伟大的罗马哲学家和思想家又是怎么来的
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And there are some philosophers and psychologists who do just that, who claim that free will and responsibility and spiritual value and intrinsic value are all illusions; they're pre-scientific notions that get washed away in modern science or you could try to reconcile them.
一些哲学家和心理学家便是如此,他们认为,自由意志,责任,精神价值,内在价值,这些都是幻象,都是些前科学的概念,应当从现代科学中清洗出去,或者你可以试着将二者调和
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A couple of other English political philosophers, Hobbs and Locke, applied a similar novelty and modernity to the sphere of politics.
其他的一些英国政治哲学家们,霍布斯和洛克,在政治领域,应用了相似的新理论
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So consent has come up a lot and here in John Locke, we have one of the great philosophers of consent.
同意出现频率之高，本课将讲到约翰·洛克，最伟大的哲学家之一，他对同意的看法。
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And I found there were very few philosophers to even touch that topic, it was just something that they just assumed that somehow, yes, of course all humans have dignity and moral status and rights.
我发现很少有哲学家,研究这一问题，他们只是理所当然的假设,是的，全体人类都有,尊严，有道德标准，也有自己的权利。
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And there're those philosophers who think that's exactly the right way to think about it, and those philosophers who think no no that's misleading.
有些哲学家认为,我们应该这样思考问题，但也有哲学家认为,不应该这样，这是误导的。
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During the Enlightenment, the works of the philosophers that could not be published in France werepublished in Switzerland, more about that another time, and in the Netherlands.
启蒙运动时期,思想家们的作品,即使不能在法国出版,但也都在瑞士出版了,之后不久,又在荷兰相继问世
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It's not necessarily chronological, but at the same time it gives you a sense of successive metaphysical philosophers thinking about first causes, origins, and about whatever it is that determines everything else.
这不一定是按时间顺序排列的，但同时,它会给你一种感觉那就是，一位又一位形而上学哲学家,思考原动力，起源，思考到底是什么觉定了其他的一切。
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Well, one of the greatest philosophers I ever read was Aristotle and I think his Nicomachean Ethics, if you read it, makes a great deal of sense -where you live with this golden mean but at the end use your intellect.
我所了解的哲学家之一是,亚里士多德，我觉得他写的《尼各马克伦理学》,非常有意义，如果你读一读的话你就会发现这一点,-在读这本书时你与他的中庸之道同在,但最终你还需动用你的智慧。
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Plato's famous answer to this is that this city, any city will never be free of conflict, will never be free of factional strife until, in his famous formula, kings become philosophers and philosophers become kings.
柏拉图最著名的回答是,这座城，或任何一座,都将免不了冲突，或是派系斗争，直到施行其著名的方案，国王成为哲学家,哲学家亦成王。
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And of course the all important question even though political philosophers and political scientists rarely pronounce it ? namely quid sit deus what is God? Does he exist?
当然还有最重要的问题,就算是政治哲学家和,政治科学家都很难做出判断的问题,即quid，sit，deus？上帝是啥？祂存在吗？
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Upon his return, he established this school at Athens he called the Academy, "Academy" for the training of philosophers, statesmen, and legislators.
在归来之后,他在雅典建立了他的学院，称为,用以训练哲学家，政治家及立法委员。
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Philosophers who help this position: people like Thomas Jefferson, George Bernard Shaw, Ronald Dworkin and other leading thinkers.
致力于此的哲学家：,有托马斯杰斐逊，萧伯纳，德沃金及其他杰出思想家。
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And the great theologians and philosophers like Augustine wondered about this, can you sin in a dream?
伟大的神学家和哲学家,像奥古斯丁，他们很好奇，在梦里能作恶吗？
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Philosophers and psychologists knew for a long time that getting smacked in the head could change your mental faculties; that diseases like syphilis could make you deranged; that chemicals like caffeine and alcohol can affect how you think.
哲学家和心理学家在很久以前便知道,头部受到重创,会改变你的心理官能,像梅毒这样的疾病可以让你精神错乱,像咖啡因和酒精这样的化学药品,可以影响到你的思维
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And although some psychologists and philosophers think they've solved it, most of us are a lot more skeptical.
尽管一些心理学家和哲学家认为,他们已经解决了这个问题,但大多数仍持有怀疑的态度
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And this has led some readers to suggest that the proposal for philosophers' kings is ironical.
这也引导一部份读者,将哲学家国王的提议,联想成是种挖苦。
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And as I say, to this day, philosophers disagree about whether this argument works or not.
我说过,迄今为止,哲学家们对于这个论证是否正确很有争议
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And starting next time, we're going to read Bentham and John Stuart Mill, utilitarian philosophers.
下讲开始，我们将开始阅读边沁,约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒等功利主义哲学家的著作。
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Different philosophers agree that something's gone wrong in the Morning Star and the Evening Star case, but disagree about the best diagnosis of where the mistake went in.
很多哲学家都认为,在晨星和昏星的例子中,的确存在错误,但是错误出在哪里,哲学家们却各执一词
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Now, dreams have always fascinated people and philosophers.
梦一直吸引很多人和哲学家的兴趣。
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And it is certainly the case that the body theory has its advocates among contemporary philosophers.
而且确实肉体理论也有不少,当代哲学家拥护。
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There are philosophers-- and here I'll tip my hat and say, I'm one of them--there are philosophers who believe that, in fact, the idea of free will is not incompatible with determinism.
有哲学家,这里我要对他们敬意并声明,我也是他们中的一员,有哲学家相信,事实上,自由意志的观点,和决定论并非是不相容的
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Anyway, philosophers are not purely thinking machines but they are also human beings composed of reason, spiritedness, and appetite.
无论如何，哲学家并非只是思考机器,他们也是人类,拥有理性，意志与欲望。
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What most distinguishes Aristotle is that his language is addressed emphatically to citizens and statesmen not to other political scientists or philosophers. It has a public orientation.
亚里士多德最突出的地方是,他的语言明显地是指向公民与政治家,而非其它的政治科学家或哲学家,其倾向是公众，直接指向公众。
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