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So, if we hybridize just these three orbitals, what we're going to end up with is our s p 2 hybrid orbitals.
我们会看到现在有3个未配对的电子，可以成键。
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It's 109 . 5 is what we would expect for methane because it's tetravalent, but here we're just seeing something that's divalent, and they're both in p orbitals that are perpendicular to each other.
因为甲烷是四价的，我们预测是109。,但这里我们，看到的是二价的，它们都在。
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Again, so as we don't get confused, normally we use S for strategy, but let's use P since they're prices.
为了避免混淆,通常我们用S表示策略,但是这次我们使用P,因为它代表价格
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We're going to change the pressure above, Pext right now there's a p external, which is equal to p on the inside.
来改变外界条件，可以改变外界的压强，它将与气体压强p相等。
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It's somewhat different when we're talking about the p or the d orbitals, and we won't go into the equation there, but this will give you an idea of what we're really talking about with this radial probability distribution.
当我们讨论ｐ轨道或者,ｄ轨道的时候会有些不同，我们那时不会给出方程，但它会给你们一个,关于径向概率,分布的概念。
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So let's fill it out in this way, 2p keeping in mind that we're going to fill sigma out the pi 2 p's before the sigma.
让我们这样填上去，记住我们先填π,轨道再填。
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It's okay if you're not P-functioning, as long as your not P-functioning is temporary.
没有人格功能性是可以的，只要这个阶段是暂时的。
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We might say, look, while you're asleep, it's true that you're not P-functioning.
我们可以说，看，当你睡着时，确实没有人格功能性。
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All right. So let's look now at the case where we do have 2 p z orbitals that we're talking about.
好的，让我们现在看一个,需要2pz轨道的例子。
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The same thing when you're going from filling in the 2 s to putting that first electron into the 2 p.
当你填满，2，s，后再往，2，p，中,放第一个电子的时候就会发生这种问题。
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So it's along the bond axis and it's between a carbon s p 2 hybrid, and then the hydrogen is just a 1 s orbital that we're combining here.
所以它是沿着键轴方向的,而且这里是一个碳sp2杂化轨道，和一个氢的1s轨道的结合,在这里我们可以合并他们。
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Well, that's at least an improvement, because then we say, look, while you're asleep, even though there's no P-functioning going on, the lack of P-functioning is temporary, so you're still alive.
这至少算是个改进，因为我们能说，看，你睡着了，即便没有任何人格功能性发生，人格功能性的缺少是暂时的，就说明你还活着。
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they're not engaged in P-functioning. That's pretty clear.
他们没有人格功能性，这点很明白。
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There's no more 2 p orbitals to put it into, so we're going to actually have to double up.
现在并没有多余的2，p，轨道来放它，我们只能在其中一个，2，p，轨道上放上两个。
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And for the s electron, since it can get closer, what we're going to see is that s electrons are actually less shielded than the corresponding p electrons.
对于s电子，因为它可以离得更近，我们可以看到s电子事实上,相对于p电子受到,更少的屏蔽。
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So in s p 2 hybridization, instead of combining all four, we're just combining two of the p orbitals with the s orbital.
这样就能得到sp2杂化，在sp2杂化中，不是四个轨道结合。
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So, it turns out that in this case, 2 p and any time that we see we're going from a 2 s to 2 p, filling in of electrons, we actually see that little bit of glitch in ionization energy.
在这种情形下的结果就是，任何时候我们从，2，s，到，填充进电子，我们都会看到电离能会稍稍偏离我们的规律。
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So now we're putting 2 electrons into the same p orbital, that's not a problem, we can do it, it's not a huge energy cost to do that.
现在我们在同一个，p，轨道上放了两个电子，这没问题，我们可以这样做，这样不会亏损太多能量。
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So that's true for a hydrogen atom, it doesn't matter if you're in a p or an s orbital, their energies are the same.
这对于氢原子来说是这样的，不论是p或，者s轨道，能量是一样的。
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Now we're going to--notice there's no subscript on this P and you'll see why in a second.
我们要,注意这个P没有角标,你们很快会知道这是为什么
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So, if I kind of circle where the probability gets somewhat substantial here, you can see we're much closer to the nucleus at the s orbital than we are for the p, then when we are for the d.
我把概率,很大的地方圈出来，你们可以看到在ｓ轨道上,比ｐ轨道更接近原子核，最远是ｄ轨道。
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px So we're talking about pi carbon 2 p x, 2px because it's the x axes combining to carbon 2 p x.
我们讨论的是π碳，因为它在x轴结合成碳。
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So let's quickly talk about our last type of hybridization that we're going to discuss today, which is s p hybridization.
我们今天要讨论的最后一个类型的杂化,也就是sp杂化。
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sigma2sp It's going to be a sigma bond. So, we have sigma 2 s p, carbon 2 s p. So they're two s p bonds combining.
是sigma键，我们有，碳2sp。，所以它们是两个sp键结合。
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You can see if we combine the s with the top lobe of the p, they're going to constructively interfere because they have the same sign.
你们会看到如果我们把s轨道和p轨道的上叶结合，它们是相长干涉,因为它们负号是相同的。
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So if you're working with cyanide in the lab as potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide, those are what are called p h s's, it's a rating for different kinds of chemicals.
因此如果你在实验室中,需要用到氰化物，比如氰化钾或者氰化钠，这就是所谓的，“P，H，S“,这是化学药品有害程度的一个级别。
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And specifically, when we give them a name it's very clear exactly which orbitals they come from combining, - we're calling these s p 3 orbitals -- that's because they come from combining 1 s orbital and 3 p orbitals.
特别的，我们命名它们,使得很容易看到它们是什么轨道结合而成的，我们叫这些轨道sp3轨道-,这是因为它们是由1s轨道,和3p轨道组合成的。
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All right, so if we think about b h bond here, again, it's the sigma bond, and we're going to say it's a boron 2 s p 2 hybrid orbital interacting with a hydrogen 1 s orbital.
这可以告诉我们，为什么它倾向于周围只有6个电子，好了，考虑一下这里的BH键,同样的，它是sigma键,我们说。
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So if we write the electron configuration you see that this is the electron configuration here, 1s22s22p 1 s 2, 2 s 2, 2 p 6, 3s1 and now we're going into that third shell 3 s 1.
现在我们来到第三层,你们会看到3s1价电子之间的区别，电子构型是，现在我们来到第三层。
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