-
You can see that as you fill up your periodic table, it's very clear. But also we'll tell you a pneumonic device to keep that in mind, so you always remember and get the orbital energy straight.
在你们填周期表的时候，非常清楚但是我们也要告诉你们,一个策略去记住它，所以你们总是记得,并得到连续的轨道能量。
-
And what you find is when you have a bonding orbital, the energy decreases compared to the atomic orbitals.
你们发现当你有个成键轨道的时候，相比原子轨道能量要降低。
-
And this one here, because it is at a higher energy is called antibonding molecular orbital.
这里的这个，因为处在一个较高的能级,被叫做反键分子轨道能级。
-
And the other thing to point out is that the energy that an anti-bonding orbital is raised by, is the same amount as a bonding orbital is lowered by.
另外一个要指出的事情是,反键轨道引起的能量升高，和成键轨道引起的能量降低是相同的。
-
So if we think about what we would do to actually write out this configuration, we just write the energy levels that we see here or the orbital approximations.
如果我们考虑我们所做的去,实际写出电子构型，我们只是写出我们看到的能级,或者是轨道近似就可以了。
-
The electron's going to come out of that highest occupied atomic orbital, that one that's the highest in energy, because that's going to be the at least amount of energy it needs to eject something.
这个电子应该是从,最高的被占据轨道上出来的，它的能级是最高的，因为这样的话发射出它,只需要消耗最少的能量。
-
And again, you'll notice that our energy is absolutely the same for an electron in that 2px and 2s orbital.
同样，你们会发现2px轨道的能量,和2s轨道是一样的。
-
So it's going to be favorable for the electrons instead to go to that lower energy state and be within the molecular orbital.
所以对于电子来说,更倾向于能量更低的轨道,呆在分子轨道里。
-
So, if we look at the molecular orbital, that's actually going to be lower in energy than either of the two atomic orbitals.
如果我们看分子轨道的话，它实际上要比,两个原子轨道都要低。
-
So in the case of 12 32, that is our highest kinetic energy, it's the smallest amount of energy it takes to pop an electron out of that orbital.
因此，1232是我们能够得到的,最高的动能，它是从这个轨道中,打出一个电子需要消耗的最低能量。
-
It makes sense that it's going to come out of the highest occupied atomic orbital, because that's going to be the lowest amount of energy that's required to actually eject an electron.
从最高占据轨道上,去掉一个电子是合理的，因为这样是发射一个电子,所损失的最低能量。
-
So any time I draw these molecular orbitals, I do my best, and I'm not always perfect, yet trying to make this energy different exactly the same for the anti-bonding orbital being raised, versus the bonding orbital being lowered.
所以我在画这些分子轨道的时候，虽然不是很完美，但我总是尽量,让反键轨道引起的，能量升高和成键轨道。
-
So the most basic answer that doesn't explain why is just to say well, the s orbital is lower in energy than the p orbital, but we now have a more complete answer, so we can actually describe why that is.
所以最基本的答案是那没有解释,所以我们事实上可以描述，为什么是那样，但是我们现在有一个更复杂的答案，又是有效电荷量。
-
And what they could come up with, what they reasoned, is that there must be some intrinsic property within the electron, because we know that this describes the complete energy of the orbital should give us one single frequency.
他们想到着一定和，电子的本征性质有关，因为我们知道这个轨道的,完整描述会给出单一的频率。
-
So that lowered the energy of the molecular orbital.
所以降低了分子轨道的能量。
-
We can also figure out the energy of this orbital here, and the energy is equal to the Rydberg constant.
我们同样可以知道,这个轨道的能量，它等于，Rydberg常数。
-
This intuitively should make a lot of sense, because we know we're trying to minimize electron repulsions to keep things in as low an energy state as possible, so it makes sense that we would put one electron in each orbital first before we double up in any orbital.
这个直观上讲得通，因为我们知道尝试去最小化电子排斥力,从而尽可能的保持处于一个较低的能态,所以它讲得通,在我们在同一个轨道放入两个电子之前,我们首先把电子放入每一个轨道。
-
When we talk about the n equals 2 state, we now have 2 squared or 4 degenerate same energy orbitals, and those are the 2 s orbital.
当考虑n等于2的态时，我们有2的平方,或者4个简并能量的轨道，它们是2s轨道。
-
So z equals 7 -- this is the cut-off where, in fact, the sigma orbital is going to be higher in energy than the pi 2 p orbitals.
所以z等于7-这是分界点，实际上，sigma轨道能量,要比π2p轨道高。
-
But actually there is a little bit of an energy cost into doubling up into a single orbital, because, of course, it takes energy when you create more electron repulsion, that's not something we want to do, but we have to do it here, and it turns out that that effect predominates over, again, the energy that we gain by increasing the atomic number by one.
但实际上，在一个轨道上放两个电子,确实会亏损一点能量，因为，当你加入更多电子，引起更大的排斥能,这显然会消耗能量，这不是我们想要做的，但是在这种情况下我们不得不做，结果这一影响，超过了增加一个,原子序数所得到的能量。
-
So what we know is that these 3 d orbitals are higher in energy than 4 s orbitals, so I've written the energy of the orbital here for potassium and for calcium.
我们所知道的是,3d轨道能量,比4s轨道能量高，所以我写出了,钾和钙的轨道能量。
-
So, what we call this is the third ionization energy, or the negative of the binding energy, again of the 2 s orbital, but now it's in boron plus 2 to we're starting with.
那么我们称它为第三电离能，或者负的束缚能，还是，2，s，轨道的，但现在我们是从正二价硼离子开始的。
-
So we can think about what is our most loosely-bound electron, what's that highest energy orbital, and it's going to be the 2 p orbital, that's going to be what's highest in energy.
我们来想一想,它“束缚得最松“的电子是哪一个，能量最高的轨道是哪一个？,它就是，2，p，轨道，是能量最高的轨道。
-
So in other words a very low energy is what we're going to have when we talk about the orbitals -- the energy of the 2 s orbital is going to be less than the energy of the 2 p orbital.
换句话说一个非常低的能量,是我们将会得到的当我们谈论轨道时,2s轨道的,能量比2p轨道,的能量低。
-
Remember, because that 1 s orbital is all the way down in terms of if we're thinking about an energy diagram, we're all the way down here, so we have a huge amount of energy we have to put into the system in order to eject an electron.
还记得吧，因为1，s，轨道在能量示意图里,是在最底部的，我们要一直到最下面，所以我们要向这个系统注入非常大的能量,才能打出一个电子。
-
And hybrid orbitals are all going to be completely equal, and lower in energy than the p orbital.
杂化轨道是完全相等的，你会注意到它们的能量比s轨道高，比p轨道低。
-
What we're proposing here is that you take a nice low energy s electron and move it into a higher energy p orbital.
我们这里说的是,你把一个低能s电子,移到高能p轨道里去。
-
And again, this is just the negative, the binding energy, when we're talking about the 2 p orbital.
再说一遍，这就是负的束缚能，当我们考虑，2，p，轨道的时候。
-
For example, for the 2 s, again what you see is that the multi-electron atom, its 2 s orbital is lower in energy than it is for the hydrogen.
举例来说对于2s轨道，在多电子原子，中可以看到,它的2s轨道的能量低于氢原子的。
-
So we would label our anti-bonding orbital higher in energy than our 1 s atomic orbitals.
我们应该把反键轨道标在,高于1s原子轨道能量的地方。
应用推荐