The substance of this summit on Libya's Mediterranean seacoast has been largely overshadowed by the personalities attending, and those who are not.

VOA: standard.2009.07.02

You need a substance and then that substance has to have a property that changes depending on the heat flow, i.e., depending on whether it's sensing that it's the same temperature or different temperature than something else.

你需要某种物质,它的某种性质,随着热量的流动而改变，也就是说,依赖于它是否感觉到它,与其他的物体处于相同的温度。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

Things that we can relate to the properties of the substance that we're doing the experiment on.

我们实验对象性质,有关的物理量来表示。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

Or I could have a non-adiabatic, I could take the same temperature change, by taking a flame, or a heat source and heating up my substance. So, clearly q is going to depend on the path.

也能改变温度，绝热指的是没有热传递，在非绝热条件下，也同样可以升温,比如用火或者热源加热，这样，q也应当与路径有关。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选