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Others are cutting back on the quantity of gold they buy and opting for ornaments of lesser weight.
VOA: standard.2009.09.19
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But Patrick knows Steven pretty well; he knows those guys who run Coca-Cola are pretty smart guys, so Patrick knows that the guy who runs Coca-Cola is going to anticipate that the guy who runs Pepsi is gonna cheat on the guy who runs Coca-Cola, and hence the guy who runs Coca-Cola is going to play a best response to Patrick's cheat on quantity.
但是帕特里克也很了解史蒂文,他知道可口可乐的经理都很精明,帕特里克知道可口可乐的经理会预料到,帕特里克会违约,因此可口可乐的经理就会寻找最佳对策,因为帕特里克违约在先
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What quantity, if produced by Firm 2, would cause Firm 1 to shut down on this picture?
公司2的产量是多少的情况下,公司1才能被迫停产呢
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The basic definition-- the expected value of some random variable x--E--I guess I should have said that a random variable is a quantity that takes on value.
最基本的定义,某一个随机变量X的期望值E,我应该提到过,随机变量是一个可以取值的数
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As long as we understand that, we can do this cancellation and this says on the left-hand side the change in the quantity v square over 2 is a times the change in the quantity x.
只要我们明白这一点,我们就可以这样做简化,在等号左边,v^/2的变化量,为a乘以x的变化量
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So I should cheat and pick the quantity on my best response line that's much farther out so I'll produce more than my quantity.
我会违约选择我最佳对策的产量,我会生产出远远多于协约量的产品来
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So this is the total quantity produced on this equilibrium, in this Cournot Nash Equilibrium.
这就是在古诺博弈中的,纳什均衡
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Do you want to tell me what the... where's the monopoly quantity on this picture?
你来说一下,图中哪一点表示垄断产量呢
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Somebody help me out here, where's the monopoly quantity on this picture?
谁来说一下啊,图像中的哪一点是垄断产量啊
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How does this quantity compare and how do therefore the prices compare, and how do profits compare with monopoly prices on the one hand, and competitive prices on the other?
第一,该产量下的价格,产出,和垄断价格,产出相比有何不同,和完全竞争价格又有什么不同呢
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But in this game, playing best response to each other, figuring out that in fact the other guy is going to cheat on me, or the other guy is anticipating that I'm going to cheat on him, or the other guy is going to anticipate that I'm going to anticipate that he's going to cheat on ,me, etc., etc., will eventually drag us back to the Cournot quantity.
但在这个博弈中,互相采取最佳对策,预料到了对方会违约,或者对方预料到了我会违约,或者对方知道我会预料到,他会违约,以此类推,那么最终还是会达成古诺产量的
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Well, the monopoly quantity was a - c over 2b and the competitive quantity was a - c over b, just to remind you of those, they're on our picture.
垄断产量是/2b,完全竞争产量是/b,提示大家一下,这几点都在图上呢
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Let me finish the picture here; here's my demand curve, here's my constant marginal cost at c, and I want to use this picture on the left now to figure out what the monopoly quantity is.
先把图画完,这条是需求曲线,这个是边际成本常量c,下面我们通过左边的图像,来找出垄断产量
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