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If dark matter particles exist, scientists say, they should be able to observe a small amount of light given off when they hit the nucleus of a xenon atom.
VOA: special.2009.07.21
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Because what it tells is that we can figure out exactly what the radius of an electron and a nucleus are in a hydrogen atom.
我们可以,准确的算出,氢原子中,电子。
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We're going to be looking at the solutions to the Schrodinger equation for a hydrogen atom, and specifically we'll be looking at the binding energy of the electron to the nucleus.
我们将研究下氢原子薛定谔方程的解,特别是电子和核子的结合能,我们将研究这部分。
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Further, the nucleus is assumed to be the seat of the essential part of the mass of the atom, and to have linear dimensions exceedingly small compared with the linear dimensions of the whole atom."
进一步的，核被认为是,原子主要质量所在的地方，和整个原子线性尺度相比,核具有很好的线性尺度“
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What I just spent many lectures discussing is the fact that we can not know how far away an electron is from the nucleus, so we can't actually know the radius of a certain atom.
我花了这么多课时所讨论的正是我们,不可能知道电子离原子核有多远这一事实，因此我们不可能知道某个原子的半径。
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So let's take two cases of shielding if we're talking about, for example, the helium, a helium nucleus or a helium atom.
所以我们来对屏蔽举两个例子,如果我们在讨论氦，举例来说一个氦原子核或者氦原子。
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The radius of the nucleus as compared to the radius of the entire atom is on the order of about one to 10,000.
原子核的半径,相对于整个原子的半径来说,是1比10000这个数量级。
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So even if we strip an atom of all of its electrons, we still have that same amount of positive charge in the nucleus.
所以即使把一个原子的所有电子都拿走,原子核还是带那么多的正电。
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And what is discussed is that for a 1 s hydrogen atom, that falls at an a nought distance away from the nucleus.
我们讨论了对于氢原子１ｓ轨道，它的最可能半径在距离原子核ａ０处。
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And, as I mentioned, we left off and as we started back here to describe the atom and how the atom holds together the nucleus and the electron using classical mechanics.
我之前提及过，我们上次,讲到应用经典力学如何描述,一个原子以及原子如何把质子,和电子束缚在一起，今天我们要。
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So again, what we're saying here is that it is most likely in the 3 s orbital that we would find the electron 11 and 1/2 times further away from the nucleus than we would in a around state hydrogen atom.
同样我们,这里说的是,氢原子３ｓ轨道中,最可能找到电子的地方,是基态的１１．５倍。
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What I want to point out also is that this h hat, the Hamiltonian operator written out for the simplest case we can even imagine, which is a hydrogen atom where we only have one electron that we're dealing with, and of course, one nucleus.
我也想指出的是，我们能想到的最简单情况,的哈密顿算符，是一个只有一个电子,也只有一个原子核的氢原子。
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So when we talk about the size of multi-electron orbitals, they're actually going to be smaller because they're being pulled in closer to the nucleus because of that stronger attraction because of the higher charge of the nucleus in a multi-electron atom compared to a hydrogen atom.
所以当我们讨论,多电子轨道的尺寸，它们实际上会变得更小,因为多电子原子的原子核,相比于氢原子,有更高的电荷量所以,有更强的吸引力,所以可以拉的更近。
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But he also realized that when they did hit something what they hit what unbelievably massive but also that that mass was concentrated So eventually, this is what we have come to call the nucleus of an atom.
碰到的一定是十分重的东西,而且那些质量,要聚集在非常非常小的空间内,这个就是我们称作,原子核的东西。
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So, this is exactly how Rutherford did discover that these particles were present and made this new model for the atom that we now know has both a nucleus, and we know the size, and also has electrons.
他提出了一个,新的原子模型,这里面有一个原子核,和一个电子，原子核的尺寸是知道的。
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We've got a lot of constants in this solution to the hydrogen atom, and we know what most of these mean. But remember that this whole term in green here is what is going to be equal to that binding energy between the nucleus of a hydrogen atom and the electron.
在这个解中有很多常数,其中大部分我们,都知道它们代表的意思,但记住是这整个绿色的部分,等于核子和电子的结合能。
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So in hydrogen atom a, I'll depict that here where the nucleus is this dot, and then the circle is what I'm depicting as the wave function.
在氢原子A里，我在这里把原子核画成一个点，这圆就是波函数。
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I am going to say if that electron is to stay in its orbit, that is to say it doesn't flee the atom, it doesn't collapse under the nucleus then the sum of the forces on the electron must be zero No net force. And so that will be the sum of a dynamic force plus an electrostatic.
如果电子会保持在它的轨道上运行,既不脱离原子的话，它就不会由于原子核对它的吸引力而被瓦解掉,电子所受的合力一定为零,由于没有合力,所以电子所受力为动态力和静电力的总和。
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This e term here is the energy, or in our case when we talk about an electron in a hydrogen atom, for example, the binding energy of that electron to the nucleus.
这里的“E“是指能量，或者在我们谈论一个,氢原子的电子时，举例来说，是电子对于原子核的结合能。
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So, let's say we have an atomic number of 3, 3 that means we have 3 electrons, so we better hope to get our neutral atom that we have a charge of plus 3in the nucleus.
这也是很合理的，因为Z就是原子序数，假设原子序数是，那就有3个电子，那我们就希望,性原子有个带3个正电荷的原子核。
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Similarly, with the second hydrogen atom, we've got the nucleus in the middle, and the 1 s b wave function around it.
类似的，在第二个氢原子里面，我们在中间有原子核，周围有1sb波函数。
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Z Number of protons in the nucleus, this is number of protons in the nucleus, which in the neutral atom is equal to the number of electrons.
质子数。，Z，proton，number。,原子核中的质子数，这是原子核的质子数，在中性原子中，等于,电子数。
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