So now we can just take the negative of that binding energy here, and I've just rounded up here or 1 . 4 times 10 to the negative 19 joules.

等于4是第三激发态,现在我们可以取它结合能的负值,也就是1。4乘以10的负19次方。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So, for example, in a hydrogen atom, if you take the binding energy, the negative of that is going to be how much energy you have to put in to ionize the hydrogen atom.

例如在氢原子里面,如果你取一个结合能,它的负数就是。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

The difference is in positive reinforcement you do something; in negative reinforcement you take away something aversive.

区别就是，在正强化中你接受某种刺激;,而在负强化中你回避了某种厌恶刺激。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选