Freedom was threatened in early modern times by the emergence of monarchies that might have been able to crush it.

自由权利在近现代初期曾因为,君主制的兴起,而处于被毁灭的边缘

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

Now, we have a process in late Medieval Europe of the consolidation of territorial monarchies.

现在,我们来探讨欧洲中世纪末期的,领土兼并以及王权强化

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

The records make it perfectly clear that the kingdoms of Pylos and Knossos were bureaucratic monarchies of a type unexpected in Greece, but in many ways similar to some contemporary and earlier kingdoms in the eastern Mediterranean.

记录清晰地表明皮洛斯和,科索诺斯王国,是不同于希腊的君主专制政体,但在很多地方类似于,一些同期和早期的地中海东部的王国

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

You did have monarchies like Spain, England, and France, namely.

例如像西班牙,英国,法国

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Now, out of all of this, again to repeat, we are not making the argument that the Thirty Years' War itself led to absolute rule, that the growth of state structures can be seen in the beginning and the late medieval period with the consolidation of these territorial monarchies.

综上所述,我再重复一遍,我们并不能推断说,三十年战争本身导致了绝对主义的发展,国家的构建在中世纪的早期,以及晚期的领土兼并中就已经初见端倪

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选