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While he acknowledges that there is much to be learned from alternative research methods like cell culture a process by which cells are taken from a living organism and grown under controlled conditions VandeBerg says they have learned a lot more from research on chimpanzees.
VOA: standard.2010.02.16
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There are different kinds of cell walls in bacteria but they have a rigid cell wall and our cells don't have a rigid cell wall, we have a fluid lipid like cell wall.
细菌有不同种类的细胞壁,但都很坚固,人类细胞没有坚固的细胞壁,我们有一层类似细胞壁的流动的脂类
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even at gunpoint for their watch or their wallet, cell phone, belongings like that.
甚至是被枪指着劫持，要他们的手表、钱包、手机等类似的财物。
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Like many cells in neurons, the shape of the cell is intimately related to its function within the organism.
同许多种神经细胞一样,这个细胞的形状和,它们在生物体中执行的功能紧密相关
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There is nothing that it's like on the inside to be a cell phone.
手机的体内,是没有感觉的。
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Well, I think that if the great majority of people try to derive maximum utility out of a service, like using cell phones and the convenience that cell phones provide, that sacrifice is necessary for satisfaction to occur.
我觉得如果绝大多数人想要,从某项服务中获得最大功利，比如使用手机，享受手机所带来的便利，那么为了满足需求，这种牺牲就是必要的。
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So, we approached this machine here, the photograph is a little blurry, but it was very clear to us but if you zoom in on the screen and apologies for the reflections, again, this was just taken with my cell phone, you see what appear to be three huge buttons and at the top it said something like have a Charlie Card, which may very well apply to a lot of locals.
所以，我们走近这个机器，这个照片有点模糊，但对于我们来说是清楚地,如果我把它在屏幕上放大，我对这个影像感到抱歉,但是，这是用我的手机拍的,你们可以看到这里上面有三个很大的按钮,写了一些关于Charlie卡片的东西，对本地人来说是相当熟悉的。
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It's able to do that because there are cells like this particular cell that have shapes that are suited to their function.
之所以这样是因为它的细胞像这个,染色细胞一样具有与功能相适应的外形
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The answer is, "It's not like anything," where that doesn't mean there's something that it's like to be a cell phone, but different from being anything else.
答案就是，什么感觉都不像“,那不是说,作为手机真的有一种感觉，只是和作为其他东西的感觉。
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For example, a gene that makes a cell cancerous, I'd like to stop it from being expressed.
举例来说,如果某段基因导致细胞癌变,我就希望阻止它表达
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This process of using a biological event like resistance to Ampicillin in order to pick out the cell population that you're interested in is called selection.
这个利用生物特性,如对氨苄青霉素的抗性,来挑出你所感兴趣的细胞的过程叫筛选
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Now that's not the only thing in cell membranes, there are also proteins in cell membranes, and these proteins are special proteins that can exist within membranes like this, and they exist because these proteins also have different segments with different properties.
但细胞膜并不只由磷脂构成,细胞膜里还有蛋白质,而且这些蛋白质是一些,可以在细胞膜中存在的特殊的蛋白质,而这些蛋白质存在于细胞膜中,源于它们也有溶解性不同的片段
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One of the first steps in that healing is that fibroblasts like this cell crawl into the space that's created by the wound and they grab a hold of both sides of the wound and contract and try to pull it together.
愈合的第一步是,成纤维细胞向,损伤的创口爬行,紧紧地抓住创口的两侧,通过收缩回拉 试着使创口合拢
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Well, it was not very hard for me to draw this red blood cell here, it's just an oval, and one reason I draw it like an oval, is that that's basically what it looks like if you look at it.
我可以很容易的画出,一个血红细胞,就画个椭圆足矣,因为它看上去就是这个样子的
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An asymmetrical division is not like that, it's when a parent cell forms two cells that are different in some way.
而不对称分裂就不是这样,当母细胞分裂为两个子细胞时,会有一些不同
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Suppose I ask, "What's it like to be this cell phone?"
假设我问，作为一个手机会像是什么感觉“
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For this particular cell here it looks like it's about -75 millivolts, so the inside of the cell is a little bit more negative than the outside.
这个细胞的膜电位是-75毫伏,所以细胞内侧跟外侧比起来电势要低一些
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That's a lot of what stem cell biology is like - is about.
干细胞生物学的著作有很多
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We talked about last time that part of the process of going from this single cell to multi cellular many celled organisms like we are is cell division.
我们上节课说过,从一个单细胞分裂形成大量细胞,构成的器官的过程,叫做细胞分裂
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No mystery about what it's like to be a cell phone.
作为手机也一样。
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There's one division, here it shows it at the 16 cell stage and then here, and this transformation as it goes from 16 cells to more like 64 cells.
这是第一次分裂,这里显示的是十六细胞期,然后在这里,在这里胚胎进一步的产生了变化,由十六个细胞分裂为约六十四个
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They also allow their populations of proteins on the surface of each cell that allow it to interact with its environment, they're receptors and cell adhesion receptors like I talked about last time.
它们同时也使得,这些细胞表面的蛋白质群,使得细胞能够和周围环境进行互动,它们是受体和细胞粘附受体,我上次也说过的
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Only certain genes are being expressed and it's the family of genes that are being expressed in a cell, likewise the family that are not being expressed, that determines what a cell is like, how it functions.
只有某些特定的基因在细胞中表达,那些在细胞中表达的基因,与那些没有表达的基因,共同决定了细胞的形态和功能
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Potential refers to what it sounds like, 'what potential does this committed progenitor cell have?' 'What potential does this stem cell have?' Well, one way to think about is that upon this first division, this asymmetric division, this committed progenitor cell has lost some potential.
这个"潜能"和字面意思相同,定向祖细胞的潜能是什么,干细胞的潜能又是什么,一种看法就是在第一次分化时,即不对称分裂时,定向祖细胞失去了一些潜能
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We're going to have DNA that we would like to make lots of copies of, or we're going to have DNA that we would like to get expressed in a cell, and we're going to put it in this region that's called the polylinker.
我们将那些需要得到很多拷贝数的DNA,或者需要在细胞中表达的DNA,整合到这个叫做多克隆位点的区域中
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