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And unlike n, l can start all the way down at 0, and it increases by integer value, so we go 1, 2, 3, and all the way up.
不像n，l可以从0开始取，然后每次增加一个整数，所以我们可以去1，2，3，一直下去。
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And when we're talking about orbitals in the same state, what we find is that orbitals that have lower values of l can actually penetrate closer to the nucleus.
当我们谈论在相同态的轨道时,轨道事实上，我们发现的,是具有较低l值的,可以穿越到距离原子核更近的地方。
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There's also The L.A. Times, which you can get now online with no problem from the -you can read every day's newspaper.
洛杉矶时报也提过,你可以在网上轻松找到,你可以读到任何时间的报纸
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So let's think about lists. So if l is a list, l sort I can call something like s dot sort, l dot sort.
所以让我们想想链表，所以如果l是一个，链表我可以调用像是s，sort的函数。
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But also unlike n, l cannot have just any value, we can't go into infinity.
但不像n，l，不能取所有整数，不能到正无穷。
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And we give different names, depending on what kind of electrons we're dealing with, so, for example, with h c l here, we can talk about having bonded versus lone pair electrons.
我们还起了不同的名字，给我们要处理的不同类型的电子，以氯化氢为例，我们来介绍一下成键电子与孤对电子。
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And we talked about the equation you can use for radial nodes last time, and that's just n minus 1 minus l.
我们讲过这个用于,计算径向节点的方程，也就是ｎ减去ｌ减去１
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And we can calculate that with the formula that we used, which was just n minus l minus 1 equals the number of nodes.
这个我们可以用我们以前用过的那个公式来计算，也就是节点数等于ｎ减去ｌ减去１
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No, we can't. Because if l equals 1, we can not have m sub l equal negative 2, right, because the magnetic quantum number only goes from negative l to positive l here.
不行，因为如果ｌ等于１,ｍｌ的值不可能等于－２，对吧，因为磁量子数的值,这时只能从－１到１
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If we have n equals 4, what is the highest value of l that we can have?
如果ｎ等于４,ｌ的最大值是多少？
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PROFESSOR: OK. We can have n 4, l 3, and then, sure, we can have m sub l equal negative 2 if l equals 3 What's the second value of l that we can have?
教授：嗯，我们有ｎ４，ｌ３,然后我们有ｍｌ等于－２，如果ｌ等于３,ｌ可以有的第二个值是多少？
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l l So what you can do for a 1 s is just take 1 minus 1 and then l is equal to 0, so you have zero radial nodes.
它等于1减去,是等于0的，所以没有节点，这和我们看到的是相符的。
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What about l equals 1, can we have this?
那如果ｌ等于１呢，这个可以有吗？
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So this means we can only have 2 different values of l.
这就意味着我们只有２个不同的ｌ值。
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So when we talk about p orbitals, it's similar to talking about s orbitals, and the difference lies, and now we have a different value for l, so l equals 1 for a p orbital, and we know if we have l equal 1, we can have three different total orbitals that have sub-shell of l equalling 1.
当我们考虑ｐ轨道时，这和ｓ轨道的情形和相似，不同之处在于ｌ的值不一样，对于ｐ轨道，ｌ等于１,我们知道如果ｌ等于１,我们有３个,不同的轨道。
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And when we talk about l it is a quantum number, so because it's a quantum number, we know that it can only have discreet values, it can't just be any value we want, it's very specific values.
当我们讲，l是一个量子数时，因为它是量子数，我们知道，它只能去分立的值，它不能取到所有的数，它取一些确定的数。
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So, it would be a good question to ask n why are we limited clearly there's this relationship between l and n, and we can't get any higher than n equals one.
那我们要问了,为什么我们被限制了，很明显，l和,有关系，为什么不能取到，n-1更大的值。
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But since it is a component it can have a direction, too, so can go up l between negative l and positive l.
但因为它是个分量,它是有方向的，所以它可以,从负的l一直到正的。
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So, our next level up that we can go is going to be the n equals 2 energy level, but we also have an l and an m value, 0 so our lowest l is going to be a there.
所以下一个能量,是n等于2的能级，但我们还有l和m的值，所以我们最低的l等于。
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So if we say that l is just talking about our kinetic energy part, our rotational kinetic energy, and we know that electrons have potential energy, then it makes sense that l, in fact, can never go higher than n.
如果我们说，l仅仅是,描述动能项，我们的旋转动能，我们知道，电子有势能，所以可以理解，l不能比n高。
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We can actually think about why that is, and the reason is that l is angular momentum.
我们可以这样想，因为，l是角动量。
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So finally, if we talk about our last example of when n is going to be equal 2, l -1 and then minus 1 for m.
最后我们要讲的,这个例子，是n等于2时，等于1，we，can，have，2，，1，for，l,而m等于。
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And what you can see is that 0 for any n that has an l equals 0, you can see here how there's only one possibility for and orbital description, and that's why we don't need to include the m m when we're talking about and s orbital.
你们可以看到,对于任何n，如果l等于，你们从这里可以看到，只有，一种,可能的轨道描述，所以,当讨论s轨道的时候,不需要考虑。
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