"What we are seeing in Iceland is that as the magma particles get towards the surface, they interact with the very cold water and they chill to form glassy fragments and these glassy fragments are small, they have sharp edges and when those get up in the air that is what is causing the risk to aviation."

VOA: standard.2010.04.15

But we have fragments that are much, much older that were found in Iraq.

但是，在伊拉克发现的,公元1800年前的残本。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

I could cut that up into fragments, and I could search in these fragments to try to find the one that has the insulin gene on it.

我把那部分切成碎片,然后从中找到有胰岛素基因的那一段

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

We don't, of course, have any original copies of these materials as they came off the pen of whoever it was who was writing them, and in fact before the middle of the twentieth century, our oldest manuscripts and fragments of manuscripts of the Bible dated to the year 900.

我们当然没有任何最早时期那些笔者的,手稿，而且事实上,在20世纪中期之前我们有的最古老的手稿,和手稿碎片都是公元900年时候的。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

Now in general these are small fragments.

一般来说这些是小片段

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

It's only going to bind to fragments that contain that piece of the gene, and it will make those visible to you in some way so you can see where your gene traveled.

它只会和有那段序列的片段结合,从而能让你看到那段片段在哪里,你就可以知道目标基因片段到了哪个位置

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

How did we put our gene fragments into this plasmid DNA in order to make multiple copies of it, or to clone the gene?

如何把基因片段整合到质粒DNA上,来获得大量拷贝,或者说来克隆基因呢

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now if I can stain in some way, if I can somehow label the DNA fragments that I'm interested in, I could find out where those fragments are on this gel.

那如果我有某种染色的方法,对我感兴趣的DNA片段进行标记,我就能知道这些片段在凝胶板上的位置

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The first step is to take the DNA fragments that we're interested in and put them into this vector by basically cutting open the double stranded DNA and inserting the gene that we like in the region where we've cut.

第一步是把我们感兴趣的DNA片段,整合到这个载体里,基本的方法是切开质粒这个双链DNA,把我们想要的基因插入切开的区域

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now if I put them in contact with one another, the plasmid that's been opened and fragments of the DNA - special fragments that I've produced with the same restriction enzyme, they'll have the same sticky ends, they will naturally hybridize with one another.

如果我让它们互相接触,已经切开的质粒和DNA片段--,这DNA片段是我已用同种限制性内切酶,处理过的特别片段,这两者会有相同的粘性末端,它们会自然地相互杂交

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选