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So, if we think about the second case here where we have c n minus, now we're talking about a molecule with a net charge of negative 1.
那么，如果我们考虑的是第二个例子,也就是氰离子，那么现在我们讨论的是一个净电荷量为负一的分子。
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So I think that's the important way to know if MIT is where you want to be.
所以我觉得这是知道自己想不想去麻省理工一个重要的方式。
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So we can see if we look at the probability density plot, we can see there's a place where the probability density of is actually going to be zero.
就能看到,有些地方，找到一个电子的,概率密度,我们可以考虑。
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You've got to put more pressure on one side than the other if you want to push that gas through the throttle, right? So this is where the time scale issue comes into play.
如果你想让更多的气体通过节流阀,应该使一边的压强,大于另一边，是吗？所以这就是,时间尺度发挥作用的地方。
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So that's where it's easy to get lost, but let's see if these lines in the picture help us stay on track.
这就是容易迷惑的地方，下面看看,这幅图中的这些线能否帮助我们追踪。
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The furthest point that I recorded was 28% oil-- that puts them there-- so if they--if you wanted to, where would it be?
这图上离原点最远的点包含28%的石油-,这已经到了图上那里了-,因此如果他们。。。如果你们想的话，那一点会在哪儿？
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So, those are places where you see people get wounded and killed, if that can be done.
所以,这两处就是士兵们容易受伤的地方,严重时可能死亡
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So if you have plasmid where you know all the base pairings than you could go through that plasmid and say I want to cut it right here.
如果你已经知道某个质粒上的所有序列,你就可以决定从哪里切开质粒
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So even if, on average, the stock is expected to not move at all from where it starts, some stocks will be expected to just trundle along without much change, not very volatile.
所以即使平均而言，股票应该是不会,和开盘的时候有什么区别，有一些股票可能会,没什么变化，不是很反复无常。
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So now that means if this is where the center of positive excess charge lies and on top of it is the center there is no displacement of the charge so there is no net dipole.
所以现在我们说,如果正电荷中心,就位于,那么还是在这里负电荷中心也在这里,所以没有空间偶极。
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Maybe they would, if they knew where I was going to go on so doggedly and do all these publications but being having the kind of mentality I have now that this student might claim that I have more to cover I've never been kicked out of the professional.
不过要是他们知道我会这么坚持不懈地做下去,还发表这么多书的话,当时的人或许会允许我，宽容我,但是如果那个学生带着我刚才的想法，的话,他或许会说,我还有很多要研究的呢,我一直都是专家。
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Okay, so if we had stopped the class after the first week where all we learned to do was to delete dominated strategies, we'd be stuck, we'd have nothing to say about this game and as I said before, this is the most important game, so that would be bad news for Game Theory.
好了,如果我们只学了第一周的内容,即如果我们只学到了剔除劣势策略的话,我们没招了,我们无法解释这个博弈,但我之前说了,这是个很重要的博弈,这对博弈论来说可不是个好消息
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So, if I kind of circle where the probability gets somewhat substantial here, you can see we're much closer to the nucleus at the s orbital than we are for the p, then when we are for the d.
我把概率,很大的地方圈出来，你们可以看到在ｓ轨道上,比ｐ轨道更接近原子核，最远是ｄ轨道。
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So we want to have constructive interference to form a bond, where as if we had destructive interference, we would not be forming a bond.
我们需要,相干相长来成键，如果，相干相消了，就不能成键，所以这时候。
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So again, if you do a calculation where you're close enough to the ideal gas and you need to design your, if you have an engineer designing something that's got a bunch of gases around, this is a useful thing to use.
要研究近似理想气体的表现时,这个方程非常有用,下面再来看一个，对我们来说最有意思的,实际气体状态方程：,范德瓦尔斯方程。
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Yes, it's 7. So, I don't know if this is true or not, but I wonder if that's where the actual name 7-Up came from.
对，是七，我不知道这是不是真的，但是我怀疑这才是,七喜名字的真正来源。
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So if we think about the upper right hand part of the quadrant, well, this is where we're going to have high electron affinity and high ionization energy, so we're also going to see high electronegativity here.
那么让我们来看看右上方的部分，好，在这里我们将会有高的电子亲和能,与高的电离能，因此我们会看到这里的电负性也很高。
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So it looks a lot less messy if we just draw our Lewis structure like this for h c n, where we have h bonded to c triple bonded to n, and then a lone pair on the nitrogen there.
这看起来整洁了不少,如果我们把氰化氢的路易斯结构画成这样的话，这样我们就有氢与碳之间的单键和碳与氮之间三键，然后还有一对孤对电子在氮这里。
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So if we have total +2 and complete shielding -1 where that can actually negate a full positive charge, because remember our nucleus is plus 2, +1 one of the electrons is minus 1, so if it totally blocks it, all we would have left from the nucleus is an effective charge of plus 1.
抵消一个完全的正电荷,因为记住我们的原子核是,其中一个电子是,所以如果它完全挡住了它，我们从原子核中留下的，全部有效电荷就是，所以，在我们的第一个例子中,我们的第一种极端情况。
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So if we're going to eject an electron using a minimum amount of energy, that's where it's going to come from.
因此，如果我们要用最少的能量,激发出一个电子，那这个电子一定是，2，p，轨道上的。
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So, we were talking, however, about energy in terms of electron affinity, so we can actually relate electron affinity to any reaction by saying if we have this reaction written as here where we're gaining an electron, we say that electron affinity is just equal to the negative of that change in energy.
但是，我们现在讨论的能量,是电子亲和能，因，此我们可以将电子亲和能,与任何反应联系起来,只要我们将反应写成这种得到电子的形式，我们说电子亲和能就等于,反应前后能量变化的负值。
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> So dive right into the middle so if you would now simulate would a typical human might do, where would you dive in first to find Mike Smith?
直接翻到中间,你现在模拟的是每一个正常人都会做的事，要找Mike，Smith你第一次会先翻到哪儿？
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So, let's go back to the notes, and let's fill these in, seven electrons. Another way you could have known them was to look at Lewis' notes here, where if look at this box carefully you see there are seven dots around the cube, so there are his seven valence electrons.
那么，让我们回到讲义，把它们填进去，七个电子，还有另外一种方法可以知道这些,那就是看看路易斯的讲义这里，大家可以看到这个立方体周围有七个点,因此有七个价电子。
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So if you picture this as our s p 2 carbon atom where we have three hybrid orbitals, and then one p y orbital coming right out at us.
如果你把这想象成sp2碳原子,这里有3个杂化轨道，然后一个py轨道朝向我们。
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But in sigma orbitals, you have no nodal planes along the bond axis, so if we had a nodal plane here, we'd see an area where the wave function was equal to zero.
但在sigma轨道里，沿着轴向是没有节点平面的，如果我们有个节点，我们就会看到某个地方波函数等于0。
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So I said that we want to be talking about valence electrons here, so that means if we're talking about, for example, the octet rule for an f f molecule where we have two fluorine atoms, we need to write the valence electrons as dots around them.
我说过我们在这要讨论的是价电子，这就意味着，如果我们要讨论，比如，关于两个氟原子组成的分子的八隅体规则,我们首先需要把价电子画成围绕在它们周围的点。
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So you try, if you can grow grain on your land or you grow it where you can, if not, you have to get it elsewhere.
所以你要有一个,如果你的土地适合耕种谷物,或者其它任何可以生产谷物的地方,如果不能,你就必须换个地方了
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But now, so this is where the refrigeration comes in. So if you take a gas, and you're below the inversion temperature and you make it go through this irreversible process, the gas comes out colder from that side than that side.
这就是冰箱的原理,如果在低于转变温度,的情况下我们将气体经过,这个不可逆过程,气体出来的温度将比这边低。
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So, if we look at this graph where what we're charting is the internuclear distance, so the distance between these two hydrogen atoms, as a function of energy, -- what we are going to see is a curve that looks like this -- this is the general curve that you'll see for any covalent bond, and we'll explain where that comes from in a minute.
因此，如果我们来看一看这幅曲线图,这里我们画的横坐标是核间距，也就是这两个氢原子之间的距离，纵坐标是能量，我们看到的这是能量关于核间距的曲线-,这是一条普遍的曲线，在研究任何共价键时你都会遇到，我们马上就会解释一下它是怎么来的。
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So, if, for example, we were looking at a hydrogen atom in the case where we have the n equals 1 state, so the electron is in that ground state, the ionization energy, it makes sense, is going to be the difference between the ground state and the energy it takes to be a free electron.
电离氢原子所需要的能量,如果我们看n等于1的情况,电子在基态，那电离能，很合理的就是基态,和自由电子态的能量差。
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