So inside the cell mostly water, outside the cell mostly water, but I need to separate my water from the water outside.

那么细胞内大多是水,细胞外大多也是水,但我需要将体内的和体外的水隔离开

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

For example, what if I activated this cell by encouraging it to produce this particular ligand?

如果促使细胞产生这种特定的配体,以此来激活细胞 会出现什么结果

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Well, because it takes some time for these cellular events that I mentioned earlier to happen.

因为我之前提及的细胞活动,需要一些时间完成

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

One of the purposes of cell culture is to make many, many more cells under controlled conditions where I can understand what those cells are.

细胞培养的一个目的就是,在可控的环境下生成许许多多的细胞,从而让我能够研究这些细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The more cells I have the faster they can grow, fewer cells grows more slowly.

细胞数目越多增长就越快,细胞数目越少增长就越慢

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Cells that I took from a human and cells that are in a bacterium.

人类细胞,和细菌细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now, I said before that all cells are the same.

我之前说过细胞都是相同的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

They also allow their populations of proteins on the surface of each cell that allow it to interact with its environment, they're receptors and cell adhesion receptors like I talked about last time.

它们同时也使得,这些细胞表面的蛋白质群,使得细胞能够和周围环境进行互动,它们是受体和细胞粘附受体,我上次也说过的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

I've shown the differences here in terms of shape, these are shaped liked octagons and these are shaped like squares, but if I looked at these cells, what would I find that's really different about them?

我展示了一些细胞形态上的差异,这些细胞是八角形的,这些是方形的,但如果仔细观察这些细胞,我能找到一些本质上的差异吗

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Well, it's true that it's not stuck to plastic but it is stuck to other materials The other materials that it's stuck to include other cells that surround it and this complex matrix which surrounds all of the cells in our body called extracellular matrix and I'll get to that in just a few moments.

体内的细胞不会贴在塑料片上,但是它们会和别的材料黏联在一起,这些材料包括,细胞和周围细胞间的黏联,细胞同细胞外基质的黏联,我们身体中包围在细胞周围的物质,称为细胞外基质,后面我会详细讲到

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This makes sense; the rate at which the cell population is growing, the derivative dX/dt, is proportional to the number of cells I have.

这个说的通,细胞数目的增长速度,就是导数dX/dt,和细胞数目呈比例关系

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If X is the number of cells, then the rate of change of X, dX/dt, the rate of change of the cell population, how fast division is taking is proportional to the number of cells I have.

如果X是细胞数目,那么X的改变率就是dX/dt,就是细胞数目的改变率,分裂的速度有多快,和细胞数量呈比例关系

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选