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But what the Greeks spent most of their time doing was fighting each other, one hoplite phalanx against another hoplite phalanx.
但是希腊人在大部分时间里都是方阵对抗,一个步兵方阵和另外一个步兵方阵对垒
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The hoplite has two weapons of which the most important by far is a pike, I guess, is what we would call it.
重装步兵有两种武器,其中最重要的是长矛,我猜我们一般都这么称呼这玩意的
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Here's a hoplite standing like this, and when he comes into contact with the opposing army, he will presumably strike down in this way.
这儿有个重步兵这样站着,当在战场中遭遇敌人时,他应该会这样刺下去
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However, there's this great question of how far do the Greeks pursue in a hoplite battle?
但是,这里又有一个问题,希腊人在方阵战中会从战场追出多远呢
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For a long, long time the general wisdom was there were not heavy casualties in hoplite battles -- people calculating on what I was just talking about.
长期以来的共识是,方阵战不会造成大规模的伤亡,人们相信这一点
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So if you're fighting a non-hoplite infantry crowd, you're in great shape.
所以如果你和非方阵的步兵群战斗,你就能保持队形
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Thucydides has an interesting passage in there, in which he says that the Spartans win the Battle of Mantinea and Thucydides says that the Spartans did not pursue the hoplite.
关于这一点,修昔底德有段精彩的论述,在讲斯巴达人赢得曼提尼亚战役时提到过,他说,斯巴达人不追击敌人
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The style of warfare that emerges in this period, apparently for the first time, is what we call the hoplite phalanx and each half of that needs to be explained.
显然,这个时期第一次出现了,一种独特的战争形式,那就是重步兵方阵,我来给大家分别解释下这两个词
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You had to stick somebody with this hoplite phalanx sword.
所以在攻击的时候,必须得刺杀敌人
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So that is what we mean by the hoplite phalanx.
这就是我们所说的重步兵方阵的含义
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Most Greek states, just as they never moved beyond the hoplite style of fighting, never go beyond the oligarchical style of constitution which gives only hoplites political rights in the state.
大多数希腊城邦,从未超越过步兵方阵的作战方式,也从未超越过寡头统治的政体,只有在这样的政体下,步兵才有政治权利
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Now, get into your hoplite stance, left foot forward.
好的,大家摆好重步兵的姿势,左脚在前
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Not everybody gets to fight in the hoplite phalanx.
并不是谁都能在方阵中参与战斗的
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I'd like to think that's the ideal hoplite mode.
我认为这是理想的方阵战备方式
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Boy, that's a nice day for a hoplite.
孩子们,这对方阵部队来说可是够爽
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A hoplite only makes sense in a phalanx.
重装步兵是为了方阵才存在的
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If they're all fighting in this hoplite style, how do all of these great Greek military personas develop, who are famed for being such wonderful, individual soldiers, if there's no real hand-to-hand, one-on-one?
如果战斗都是以方阵的形式进行,而没有单挑形式的战斗的话,那么,那些希腊故事中,因骁勇善战而著称的个人英雄是怎么产生的呢
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That's what you need for a phalanx, because to maintain the integrity of the hoplite line, you can't have bumps and grooves, and trees and rivers in the way; it will break things up.
而是方阵作战所必备的条件,为了维持重装步兵队列的完整性,就不能在坑坑洼洼,有树林有河流的地方布阵,这会把方阵打散
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So seriously, you fortunate Yalies, that they will be here on April 9 and 10 of 2008, an international conference on the subject of the hoplite phalanx and the emergence of the city state.
你们这些幸运的耶鲁学生们,2008年4月9日到10日将会看到,关于重步兵方阵和城邦起源话题的,国际会议
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The hoplite himself is marked by, first of all, the shield and second of all, as we continue to think about his defensive capacities, he has a certain amount of armor to protect his body.
重装步兵的标志,首先就是盾牌,其次,和我们将要说到的防御力有关,就是士兵的身体有一定程度的护甲保护
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You can't fight as a hoplite, in other words, unless you can afford to pay for your equipment and that excludes a goodly number of citizens who are too poor to fight in the phalanx.
换句话说,你不能加入步兵方阵,除非你自己能出钱买装备,这样有相当多的公民,会因为贫穷无法在方阵中战斗
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The classical hoplite formation then was not the long lived military institution of scholarly tradition, but merely one phase in a history of almost four centuries of slow change towards ever denser and more cohesive heavy infantry formations."
这种方阵的形成,并不是经过长期传承的传统军事制度,只是步兵阵型演变的一个阶段,战阵逐渐向更加紧密坚固的步兵阵型转化,而这个变化持续了约有四个世纪"
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Although I don't quite understand--I should say, there's many things about how the fighting went on which we can only attempt to imagine because we just don't have films of ancient hoplite battles, I'm sorry to say.
虽然我有时也很困惑,比如说,战场上瞬息万变,情况非常复杂,由于没有古代重步兵白刃战的影像资料,我们只能猜想战场上发生了什么,真的是很遗憾
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I'm going to start out today's talk by giving you what has been the standard and orthodox interpretation of how the hoplite phalanx worked, which, I think, again Hanson has given us the clearest and most useful account.
我们今天所要讲解的,是对重装步兵方阵是如何运行,这一景象最标准最正统的阐释,我觉得,汉森给了我们一个,最清晰,最实用的解释
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The most extreme critics of the traditional point of view would say over centuries, that you don't get the full-blown hoplite phalanx that I will be describing to you, even until you get the fifth century B.C.
对传统观点批判最激烈的一种观点,认为这一新型战术,是经过数百年,甚至到了公元前五世纪,才逐渐发展成熟的
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Here's one, "It is clear that the emergence of the hoplite was only the beginning of a lengthy process which certainly lasted more than a century, and may have lasted more than two centuries, leading to the creation of a close ordered hoplites only phalanx.
他说道,"很显然重装步兵的出现,仅仅是漫长战争史的开端,持续了多达一个世纪,甚至可能超过两个世纪,漫长的战争造就了列阵严整的重步兵方阵
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One is, he can't afford to have his hoplite line outflanked, because if I can come around and take care of this guy from this side, he is engaged with a guy who's right opposite him, I can just kill him no problem at all.
一点是,他不能让方阵的侧翼被包围,因为如果我调转方向,从这边对付他,他正在和正面的敌人交战,我干掉他就是小菜一碟儿
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So you want to think about his hoplite, when he has everything on and when the shield is in place, again let me sort of try to demonstrate this, he ought to be covered by some kind of defense from head to toe.
所以你们可以想象这样一个情景,一名士兵全副武装,盾甲齐备,我还是演示一下吧,他从头到脚,应该算是武装到牙齿了
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So, if you imagine this is growing up as the polis comes into being, let me describe what a hoplite was like and then try to describe what the phalanx was like and how they operated and what are some of the consequences of their coming into being.
假设该战术是随城邦的形成而发展起来的,那就让我来描述一下,重装步兵的组成,方阵的组成及其运作方式,包括该战术发展起来之后所产生的影响
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