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And last June,says Sittenfeld, the House passed the American Clean Energy and Security Act, the first bill out of either chamber of Congress to directly take on the challenge of global warming.
VOA: standard.2010.02.25
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And specifically, when we talk about ionization energy, it's assumed that what we mean is actually the first ionization energy.
特别地，当我们讨论电离能的时候，我们默认,这指的是第一电离能。
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Well, if we look on the chart, the first ionization energy is what is reported in your Periodic Table.
如果我们查阅图表，一级电离能,已经在元素周期表上标示了。
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We talked about ionization energy, electron affinity, we talked about electronegativity, which is just kind of a combination of the first two, and then ended with atomic radius here.
我们讲了电离能的，电子亲和能的，还讲了电负性的，也就是前两个的组合，最后讲了原子半径的。
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Now, your temptation is to keep the first answer because you know energy is not going to be negative.
你肯定想保留正根,因为你知道能量不会是负值
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And so for many, many problems, especially on exams, especially on this first exam, you will be able to say that this is the relationship between internal energy and temperature.
对于很多问题，特别是考试中的问题，你们要能够说出来,这是内能与温度的关系。
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I alluded to this a little bit in the first class about how humans have evolved to seek out energy because famine was the largest threat is one example of this.
第一节课的时候我提到了,人类是如何演化以便寻找能量,因为饥荒是最大的威胁,这是其中一例
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So, if we want to think about what the first ionization energy is of boron, what you want to do is write out the electron configuration, because then you can think about where it is that the electron's coming out of.
如果我们要考虑,硼的第一电离能，你首先要做的是写出它的电子排布，因为在这之后,你才能知道拿走的是哪里的电子。
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The first that we need to know the energy of the photon that's incident on our gaseous atom.
首先，我们需要知道,入射到气体原子的光子的能量。
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So, in a first blush, you might say, well, why don't we just take the first ionization energy?
当你在这个问题上第一次陷入尴尬境地的时候，你可能会说，我们为什么不取第一个电离能呢？
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The first ionization energy of lithium is about 5.4 electron volts per atom.
锂的一级电离能,大约是每原子5。4电子伏。
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So, you can imagine, that we'll actually probably have a lot of kinetic energy left over if we put a lot of energy in in the first place.
因此，可以想象，如果我们一开始,就注入大量的能量,那么得到的动能也应该很大。
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What we've learned so far is as a first approximation, what we want to do is put the atom with the lowest ionization energy in the middle here.
我们之前所学的可以作为第一近似，我们要做的是把电离能,最低的原子放在中间。
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And it turns out that the first kinetic energy that we would see or the highest kinetic energy, would be 12 32 electron volts.
结果是我们最先观测到的动能,也就是最大的动能，将是，1232，电子伏，那。
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If you flip the Periodic Table over you will have the ionization energy of sodium, first ionization energy, 5eV and it is about 5 eV which, when you convert, 496kJ/mol is a whopping 496 kilojoules per mole.
如果浏览周期表,你可以得到钠的离子化能，第一电离能，大约，当你转换的时候，是巨大的。
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So, this is first ionization energy, let's think about second ionization energy.
那么，这就是第一电离能，下面让我们来想一想第二电离能。
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So, let's think about kind of differentiating, however, between first ionization energy or just ionization energy, and other types such as second or third ionization energy, and let's take boron as an example here.
那么，让我们来区分一下第一电离能，也就是电离能与其他类型的电离能，比如第二，第三电离能，我们以硼为例。
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And the first law says, well heat and work are different forms of energy, and we can add them, and the path dependence of these two things is somehow cancelled in the fact that we have this internal energy.
热力学第一定律说，热和功是能量的不同表现形式，我们可以把它们加起来,它们与路径相关的部分相互抵消,我们就有了内能。
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Whenever you hear the term ionization energy, make sure you keep in mind that unless we say otherwise, we're talking about that first ionization energy.
但无论什么时候你听到电离能这个词，一定要记得，除非特别说明，我们都是在说第一电离能。
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The first thing we are going to do is describe the energy of the system.
首先我们要做的,是描述这个系统的能量。
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This intuitively should make a lot of sense, because we know we're trying to minimize electron repulsions to keep things in as low an energy state as possible, so it makes sense that we would put one electron in each orbital first before we double up in any orbital.
这个直观上讲得通，因为我们知道尝试去最小化电子排斥力,从而尽可能的保持处于一个较低的能态,所以它讲得通,在我们在同一个轨道放入两个电子之前,我们首先把电子放入每一个轨道。
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So that's just a little bit of a check for yourself, and it should make sense because what you're doing is you're calculating the difference between energy levels, so you just need to flip around which you put first to end up with a positive number here, and that's a little bit of a check that you can do what yourself.
所以你们总要确保括号，离得这项是正的，这是你们自己,可以做的检查，这事很有道理的，因为你们做的是计算能量差,所以你需要调整顺序来保证一个正数，这是你们自己可以做的检查。
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So that doesn't make a difference for us when we're talking about neutral atoms, 4s because we would fill up the 4 s first, because that's lower in energy until we fill it, and then we just keep going with the d orbitals.
所以那对我们来说没什么不同,所以当我们讨论中性原子时，因为我们会首先填充，因为在我们填充它之前它的能量都较低，然后我们继续填充d轨道。
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We'll then look at the quantity, internal energy, which we define through the first law, and we think of it as a function of two variables T and V.
接下来我们考虑内能，这是由热力学第一定律定义的物理量，我们把它看作T和V的函数。
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We call these first, second, third ionization energies in sequence. This is the first ionization energy.
我们按照顺序把这些叫做一级，二级,三级电离能，这是初级电离能。
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Electrons will occupy orbitals in order of ascending energy, occupying the lowest energy first and up.
电子是按其能量递增顺序,排布在轨道上的，首先占满第一级，即最低能级。
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Place the non-bonding pairs on peripheral atoms first, which the higher average valence electron energy.
首先将孤对电子放在外围的原子，那儿具有较高的平均价电子能。
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I know the energy in this first pair would equal -e^2 That is just going to equal minus e squared over 4 pi epsilon zero r naught.
我们明白第一对的能量将会等于,等于,/4πε0，R圈。
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All right, now what we're going to learn next time and Bob Field is going to teach the lecture next time, is how heat and work are related, and how they're really the same thing, and how they're related through the first law, through energy conservation.
这节课就到这里,下节课将由Bob，Field讲授,我们将学习功与热量的关系，认识到它们在本质上的相同之处，并通过热力学第一定律，亦即能量守恒定律，把它们联系起来。
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