They have a material that supplies electrons and a power source that lifts the energy level of those electrons.

VOA: special.2010.09.01

So, now with this framework, I said that talking about these valence electrons might give us some insight into chemical reactivity.

所以，现在对于这个结构，我认为讨论价电子能,会让我们对化学反应有更深的领悟。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

Let's look at the energetics of one of those electrons crashing into a hydrogen atom inside the gas tube.

我们一起来考察一下,其中的一个电子的能量,在阴极射线管中,撞击到氢原子上。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

Victor Weisskopf's suggestion resulted in an explanation of how electrons travel through semiconductors.

VOA: special.2010.11.09

So we started with 10 valence electrons, we used up 8 of those electrons in terms of making bonds.

我们一开始有十个价电子，然后用掉了八个电子来成键。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

In Theodore Maiman's first laser, a rod of man-made ruby supplied the electrons.

VOA: special.2010.09.01

So, what we do as our seventh step is then figure out if we have any extra valence electrons left at all.

那么，第七步要做的是看看,我们还有没有剩下的价电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And it was proposed by my thesis advisor Professor Weisskopf that we work on this problem to understand the effect of the impurities in scattering electrons and interfering with their motion.

VOA: special.2010.11.09

And Pauli says no two electrons in a given system can have the entire set of quantum numbers identical.

而泡利认为在一个给定的系统内,没有两个电子有完全相同的量子数。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

The inner electrons are so tightly bound that they are for all intents and purposes, immobilized when it comes to reactivity.

内部电子被紧紧地束缚着,因此无论怎样，当进行反应时，它都是固定的。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

OK, so we've got UV light here, and let's see what we can see, and we lose electrons, if that's what's happening.

好了，我们已经有了紫外光源，让我们来看看能观察到什么，如果那些事情发生了，我们将会失去电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

OK, then it says draw a single bond from each surrounding atom to the central atom, and subtract two valence electrons.

后将中心原子与其相邻原子之间,连上单键，然后减掉2个价电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So what we end up with in terms of our bonding electrons is going to be 6 bonding electrons.

因此最终我们需要六个成键电子,那么我们可以来把它们填上。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

We cannot do anything about protons, they are buried in the nucleus, but we can add or subtract electrons.

我们不能改变质子，它们埋藏在原子核内，但是我们能够增加或减少电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

Electron affinity is actually the ability of an atom, or we could also talk about an ion to gain electrons.

电子亲和能其实就是一个原子，或者我们也可以讨论离子获取电子的能力。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So, electron promotion does not happen in terms of nitrogen, because it would not increased our number of unpaired electrons.

这里对于氮原子不会有电子激发，因为这不会增加,未配对电子的数目。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Let's say, suppose we hypothesize that an octet of the electrons is going to lead to stability.

假设我们猜测,八电子结构能够带来稳定。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

Each of these orbitals can have two electrons in them, so we get two electrons here, here, and here.

在每个轨道里面都有两个电子,所以我们有两个电子在这里，这里这里。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

In this case, 6 valence electrons for each oxygen, so we have 18 total valence electrons.

在这种情况下，每个氧原子都有六个价电子，因此我们总共有十八个价电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So this is just the idea that the most electrons that you can have in a single orbital is two electrons.

这个观点是在一个单个的轨道中,最多容纳两个电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

The positive force of attraction of the electrons on the outside is greater and greater, and that pulls everything in.

所以对外层电子的吸引力,会越来越强，把电子们都向内吸引。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So, we have an octet of the electrons that seems to be associated with chemical inertness.

所以我们有八电子结构,它看起来和化学惰性有关。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So this means that we have two of the electrons are lowered in energy, but two are raised in energy.

这意味着两个电子能量降低,两个电子能量升高。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Because that will take care of all of the electrons that are capable of reacting, none of the inner shell electrons.

因为那样我们可以考虑到,除内层电子以外，所有可以发生反应的电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So, seven asks us if we have any valence electrons left, and how many valence electrons do we have left?

那么，第七步问我们是否还有价电子剩下，我们剩下了几个价电子？

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So in order to fill them, he would have to have eight electrons or an octet around the cubes.

因此为了填满它们，他必须放上八个电子或者说一个“八隅体“,在立方体周围。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So in terms of total numbers that we would need to complete our octets and fill our valence shells, we would need 18 electrons.

因此要填满我们的“八隅体“,排满所有的价壳层，我们总共需要十八个电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

He has two electrons here with the same set of quantum numbers. B but these are two separate hydrogen atoms.

因为我写了两个量子数,一样的电子,但这是在两个不同原子中啊。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

A covalent bond is any time we have a pair of electrons that is shared between two different atoms.

所谓共价键就是我们有两个原子,共用一对电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

OK, great. So, most of you recognize that there are four different possibilities of there's four different electrons that can have those two quantum numbers.

Ｋ，大部分都认为,有４个不同的可能,有四个不同的电子可以有,这两个量子数。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选