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In nineteen-oh-six, the electron tube was considered the single most important development in electronics.
VOA: special.2010.01.31
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But it is interesting. Let's just, for an order of magnitude say what happens for ground state electron in atomic hydrogen?
但行星模型其实挺有趣的，按照重要的先后顺序，我们来猜想一下,氢原子中的基态电子会发生些什么？
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z So, this is what we find the actual z effective is for an electron in the helium atom.
所以这就是我们得到了实际有效的,对于一个氦原子的电子。
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And several years later these two graduate students at Leiden by the name of Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck proposed that the electron in fact spins.
几年之后,两个莱顿的学生,古德米斯特和乌伦贝克,提出电子其实是在自旋的。
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If de Broglie is correct, we could then model the electron in its orbit not moving as a particle, but let's model it as a wave.
如果德布罗意是对的，那么我们可以在电子轨道中建立电子模型,不是像粒子一样运动，而是像波一样运动。
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And the third fact that we need to keep in mind is that spins remain parallel prior to adding a second electron in any of the orbitals.
第三个事实是我们需要记住在,每个轨道加入第二个电子之前,自旋保持平行。
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Let's imagine this is the electron in its orbit.
想象一下，电子在它的轨道中。
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So we have 4 plus 5, but we're actually not done yet, because it's c n minus, so if we have minus, we actually have an extra electron in our molecule.
我们有四个加上五个，但是我们实际上还没做完，因为这是个负离子，所以如果我们有这个负号，那么我们的分子实际上还有一个额外的电子。
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It tells you that any attempt to try to specify, to localize the position of an electron in such a system is futile.
这说明你试着任何尝试关于，使一个电子在这样一个系统中,确定其明确的位置是没有意义的。
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In order to have an electron in a stationary orbit this implies standing wave.
为了在静止的轨道中拥有电子,驻波是不可少的。
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But still, when we're talking about the radial probability distribution, what we actually want to think about is what's the probability of finding the electron in that shell?
但当我们讲到径向概率分布时,我们想做的是考虑，在某一个壳层里,找到电子的概率,就把它想成是蛋壳？
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And again, you'll notice that our energy is absolutely the same for an electron in that 2px and 2s orbital.
同样，你们会发现2px轨道的能量,和2s轨道是一样的。
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We talked about that quite in depth, but there are some differences now that we have more than one electron in the atom.
但是这里有一些不同的是，现在我们考虑的原子中,有多于一个,的电子。
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Well, suppose I want to look at something like an electron in orbit here.
假如我想看到,轨道上像电子一样的东西。
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And if we go ahead and square that, then what we get is a probability density, and specifically it's the probability of finding an electron in a certain small defined volume away from the nucleus.
我们得到的是，一个概率密度，它是，在核子周围，某个很小的,特定区域,找到电子的概率,所以它是概率密度。
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So because we're feeling a stronger attractive force from the nucleus, we're actually pulling that electron in closer, which means that the probability squared of where the electron is going to be is actually a smaller radius.
因为我们能感到来自原子核,的更强的吸引力，我们实际上会将电子拉的更近，那意味着电子运动的,概率半径是,事实上是一个更小的半径。
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Finding an electron in a region of space.
在一个空间的范围找到一个电子。
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So, the quantum mechanical interpretation is that we can, in fact, have probability density here and probability density there, without having any probability of having the electron in the space between.
量子力学给出的解释是，实际上，我们可以在这有概率密度，在这里有概率密度,但在两个之间没有。
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That is the electron in its lowest orbit, to the nucleus of atomic hydrogen.
那就是氢原子原子核外电子，最低轨道到情况。
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And I cannot have an unpaired electron in the same orbital.
我不可能在同一个轨道,得到不成对电子。
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So what we're doing is filling in those eight electrons following the Aufbau principle, so our first electron is 1s going to go in the 1 s, and then we have no other options for other orbitals that are at that same energy, 1s so we put the second electron in the 1 s as well.
它会是什么样子呢,我们正在做的是将这8个电子按照奥弗,堡原理进行填充,所以我们第一个电子将会进入，然后我们没有其他的,轨道的选择在同一个能级，所以我们把第二个电子也放入。
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So there's one electron in each hydrogen atom.
所以每个氢原子中有两个电子。
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What is the binding energy of the ground state electron in hydrogen?
氢在基态的情况下,它的电子结合能是多少？
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So, shielding happens when you have more than one electron in an atom, and the reason that it's happening is because you're actually canceling out some of that positive charge from the nucleus or that attractive force with a repulsive force between two electrons.
所以当你们在原子中有多于一个电子,屏蔽就会发生，它之所以会发生的原因是,你们实际上抵消了,一些来自原子核的正电荷,或者来自吸引力,在两个电子之间。
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This intuitively should make a lot of sense, because we know we're trying to minimize electron repulsions to keep things in as low an energy state as possible, so it makes sense that we would put one electron in each orbital first before we double up in any orbital.
这个直观上讲得通，因为我们知道尝试去最小化电子排斥力,从而尽可能的保持处于一个较低的能态,所以它讲得通,在我们在同一个轨道放入两个电子之前,我们首先把电子放入每一个轨道。
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s -- we don't have to hybridize it, it already has only one unpaired electron in a 1 s orbital.
s-我们不用杂化它，它已经有而且仅有一个未配对电子在s轨道里。
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so when we think about what it is that this radial probability distribution is telling us, it's telling us that it is most likely that an electron in a 2 s orbital of hydrogen is six times further away from the nucleus than it is in a 1 s orbital.
我们来讨论一下这个径向概率分布,告诉了我们什么，它告诉我们,对于氢原子２ｓ轨道的电子,最可能位置是１ｓ轨道的６倍。
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r And what that is the probability of finding an electron in some shell where we define the thickness as d r, some distance, r, from the nucleus.
在某个位置为,厚度为dr的壳层内,找到原子,的概率，我们来考虑下我们这里所说的。
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But unlike the case with boron where we had an empty p orbital, we're actually going to have an electron in the p orbital of carbon as well.
但和硼里面有个空的p轨道不同，我们实际上有一个电子,在碳里p轨道里也有电子。
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This e term here is the energy, or in our case when we talk about an electron in a hydrogen atom, for example, the binding energy of that electron to the nucleus.
这里的“E“是指能量，或者在我们谈论一个,氢原子的电子时，举例来说，是电子对于原子核的结合能。
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