"What we assure is that the technologies that do come on the market are safe and effective, but whether or not they should be used on a given case,a given patient, is a decision that is made by the individual practitioner."

VOA: standard.2010.04.07

So we're going to feel a higher z effective in the case of the ion compared to the neutral atom.

因此，我们在离子中,会比在中性原子中感受到更高的有效核电量。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

z So in our first case, our first extreme case, would be that the z effective that is felt by electron number 1, is going to be plus 1.

被1号电子感知到的有效的，是+1所以,我们所能做的是计算出，我们从这个。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

In an extreme case b, we had a z effective of 2, so essentially what we had was no shielding at all.

我们有效的z是，所以本质上我们完全没有屏蔽。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So in extreme case a, 1 we saw that z effective was 1.

在极端案例a中，我们看到有效的z是。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选