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Now in this case the host - you want the host not only to replicate all the DNA, you want it also to express the gene.
而这种情况下宿主--,你不只希望宿主复制基因,同时也想使之表达基因
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I talked about just not using viruses but using plasmid DNA together with lipids and that's another strategy for gene therapy.
这一部分我们不仅讲了病毒的应用,也讲了利用脂质体包裹的质粒DNA,基因治疗还有其它的策略
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This is a much more efficient way to get DNA for a gene that you're interested for a couple of reasons.
用这个办法能更有效率地获取你,感兴趣的基因的DNA,原因如下
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When this bound receptor interacts with DNA it could, for example, turn on expression of a target gene.
该受体与DNA结合后能够,启动目标基因的表达
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The nucleus contains all the DNA, and so the early stages of gene expression, transcription, happened inside the nucleus where all the DNA is.
NA都在细胞核里,所以早期的基因表达,转录,发生在将所有DNA,都包于其中的细胞核中
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How did we put our gene fragments into this plasmid DNA in order to make multiple copies of it, or to clone the gene?
如何把基因片段整合到质粒DNA上,来获得大量拷贝,或者说来克隆基因呢
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How could I identify in a chromosomal DNA sample whether the sickle gene is present?
那我该怎么确定某染色体DNA样本中,是否存在这种致病基因呢
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The first step is we had to be able to take this circular DNA and cut it to create a site for our new gene to be added.
第一步是切割环形DNA,以创造出一个整合新基因的位点
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There are molecules in cells that give the DNA the signal that it's time to transcribe and express a gene, those are called transcription factors, we'll talk about them a bit later.
在细胞中有些分子能够,给DNA发出信号告诉它,是时候转录和表达某基因了,这些分子叫做转录因子,晚些时候我们会讲它们
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One of the forms of processing that happens, that's very important in human gene expression is that some of the sections of the DNA molecule are not really necessary for describing the protein.
在人类的基因表达中,有一种非常重要的加工形式,那就是在DNA分子中有一些片段,对于编码蛋白质而言毫无用处
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So the process of cloning DNA is taking a few strands of DNA of a gene that you're interested in and making many copies of them, that's cloning,you like to make identical copies.
所以DNA克隆的过程,就是用你所感兴趣的,基因的一些DNA链,来得到更多它们的拷贝,这就是克隆,复制出相同的拷贝
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It's an example of a technology called a gene chip that allows you to, on each one of these spots there is DNA for example, that's specific for a particular gene in your genome, in the human genome for example.
这是一种叫做,基因芯片的技术,其上每个点可能代表着一种DNA,它是你基因组中一个特定的基因,亦或是人类基因组中的一个基因
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In a normal cell DNA that DNA in the normal cell - this DNA gets cut by the restriction enzyme, so the sickle gene ends up - so that hemoglobin gene ends up in two pieces.
一个正常细胞的DNA,正常细胞里的DNA,会被限制酶所剪切,因此镰状血红蛋白基因--,不对,是正常血红蛋白基因被切成两段
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The first step is to take the DNA fragments that we're interested in and put them into this vector by basically cutting open the double stranded DNA and inserting the gene that we like in the region where we've cut.
第一步是把我们感兴趣的DNA片段,整合到这个载体里,基本的方法是切开质粒这个双链DNA,把我们想要的基因插入切开的区域
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We'll start with Week 2 talking about Genetic Engineering; what's DNA, how can it be manipulated, how is our ability to manipulate DNA led to things like gene therapy which can now be done in people.
从第二周开始我们会讲基因工程,什么是DNA,怎么样才能操控它们,我们如何操作DNA,并将它应用于人类的基因疗法
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In this case the promoter, which is a sequence of DNA that is positioned right in front of the gene of interest, the promoter is the betagalactoglobulin promoter in this case, and betagalactoglobulin is a milk protein.
这里涉及到的启动子,也是一段DNA序列,它必须刚好位于目的基因序列前端,我们用到的是β-乳球蛋白启动子,β-乳球蛋白是乳汁中的一种蛋白
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A section of DNA that is responsible for encoding a gene, let's say it's the insulin gene for example, might be some stretch of DNA on a certain chromosome inside your cells, inside the cells of the pancreas.
一段编码蛋白的DNA序列,我们就拿编码胰岛素的基因来举个例子,它也许是一段DNA基因序列,位于你胰腺细胞里的,某条染色体上
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Now the challenge is not just to get the DNA that encodes a gene into a cell, the challenge is to get it into the cell in a form where the cell can use it, can express it and make proteins from it.
现在的问题不仅在于,要将编码基因的DNA转进细胞,还要让它进入细胞之后,能够为细胞所用,能够表达并合成蛋白质
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So in the first week we run a section called from strawberries to gene therapy where we talk about DNA, extract DNA, you can play with the DNA of an organism and we can think about how to use DNA for other purposes.
第一周组会的主题是从草莓到基因疗法,主要讨论DNA和DNA的提取,使你们对有机组织的DNA有直观的认识,并思考DNA的其它应用
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