Elizabeth Blackburn and Jack Szostak discovered the exact order of genetic information that protects chromosomes from ruin.

VOA: special.2009.12.08

It separates those duplicated chromosomes to two sides of the cell, physically separates them, and the cell itself pinches off to form two new cells.

双倍化的染色体,被分别拉向细胞的两边,物理性的分离了,细胞本身中央凹陷形成两个新细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

What happens during mitosis is that the cell is able to separate this double set of chromosomes into two sets and that happens in a way that's shown in this cartoon here.

当细胞有丝分裂时,细胞将其分开形成两组染色体,如下图所示

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences says it is honoring the researchers for showing how telomeres and the enzyme that makes them protect chromosomes.

VOA: special.2009.12.08

The result of fertilization now is a new cell that is the union of the sperm and the egg, and it's called the zygote and it contains the diploid number of chromosomes, genes.

受精就是产生,一个精卵结合的新细胞,称为受精卵,它含有二倍体的染色体基因

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Scientists found the tropicalis genome contains more than one-point-seven-billion chemical bases along ten pairs of chromosomes.

VOA: special.2010.06.29

Now DNA that's produced this way is not called genomic DNA because this doesn't match the DNA in your genome, on your chromosomes,right?

现在造出来的这个DNA,不叫基因组DNA,因为这跟你基因组里的DNA不一样,跟你染色体上的基因不一样,对吧

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The researchers found that the sets of chromosomes in soybeans have copied themselves at least twice.

VOA: special.2010.02.02

So before a cell enters mitosis it has to have synthesized its DNA so it has two copies of all of its chromosomes.

所以在进入有丝分裂之前,细胞必须先合成DNA,所以它含有两套染色体拷贝

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Human genes are normally organized along forty-six chromosomes in our cells, twenty-three from each parent.

VOA: special.2009.09.09

There might be these, what are called epigenetic differences that I mentioned changes in the structure around DNA, and those changes lead to differences in which fraction of the total genes in the chromosomes are being expressed by a particular cell.

可能存在的差异,叫做表观遗传差异,我之前说过的DNA结构上的变化,而这些变化导致,在特定细胞中,染色体组的全部基因中,只有一部分表达出来

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

A genome contains information about every position along chromosomes, the structures that hold genes.

VOA: special.2009.11.03

Every cell in your body has exactly the same DNA; that is if I could stretch out all the DNA and look at the base pair sequence, the sequences of bases along all the DNA in your chromosomes, they'd be identical in all the cells.

身体内每一个细胞都有完全相同的DNA,如果我把整条DNA展开,然后检查其碱基对的顺序,你体内每个细胞中染色体上,DNA的碱基对顺序,都是完全相同的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

A potato has twelve chromosomes and about eight hundred forty million base pairs.

VOA: special.2009.11.03

Certain segments of DNA are being converted into RNA, and whereas in replication, you have to copy the whole genome, the whole - all of the chromosomes, all of the DNA contained in the chromosomes of the cell in order to completely replicate it; transcription only works on particular sequences of DNA.

特定的DNA序列被转录为RNA,在复制的过程中,整条染色体都被复制,包括其中的全部DNA序列,都被分毫不差地复制下来,以保证复制的完整性,而转录过程只发生在特定的DNA序列上

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

These are like protective coverings on the ends of chromosomes.

VOA: special.2009.10.07

There could be differences in the physics of cell division, this process of separating into two cells such that even though they both have the same chromosomes, they both have the same DNA content, maybe one of the cells entraps something that's different than the other cells.

细胞分裂的过程中的确可能会产生差异,在分裂为两个细胞的过程中,尽管两个子细胞含有相同的染色体,含有相同的DNA组成,但也许其中一个细胞,截留了和其他细胞不同的物质

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Genes are organized along chromosomes.

VOA: special.2010.02.02

"All genes are encoded by DNA and the DNA is present in the chromosomes in the cell nucleus and telomeres, they are the ends of the chromosomes and they have an important function to protect the chromosomes and maintain the integrity of the chromosomes."

VOA: special.2009.10.07