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These can be sulfate,nitrate, ammonia,sodium chloride and if these are small particles they can be dangerous because if they are inhaled they can reach the lungs."
VOA: standard.2010.04.16
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We get another chloride and another sodium sticking to the chloride.
我们得到另外一个氯和另外一个钠,固定在氯上面。
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This cation is attracting the chloride next to it and it is repelling the sodium as the next nearest neighbor.
这一阳离子被邻近的氯离子所吸引,并排斥钠离子,因为这是其最邻近的离子。
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So again, we should be able to check all of our formal charges and make sure they add up to 0, which they do, and that makes sense, because we have a neutral atom in terms of thionyl chloride.
因此同样地，我们可以检验一下,我们所有的形式电荷是否正确,确保它们加起来等于零，而它们确实是这样，这是合理的，因为亚硫酰氯是一个中性原子。
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We started with gaseous sodium to make gaseous sodium ion and gaseous atomic chlorine to make gaseous chloride ion through electron transfer.
我们从气态的钠开始,得到气态的钠离子,从气态的氯原子,通过电子转移得到氯离子。
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So now, let's get a sodium here, and the chloride ion next to it to the point where they are touching.
所以，我们要有一个钠离子，和氯离子放在,相互接触的一个点上。
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And so what you're going to end up with is, well, let's go over that. Here is sodium and chloride.
你将以之结尾，好吧，我们跳过那个，这是钠和氯。
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And I want that to react to give me sodium chloride as a solid and crystal.
它们反应会得到氯化钠,氯化钠固体晶体。
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Well, if we just take, for example, MgO, and let's try Mg, magnesium chloride just as an example.
我们以MgO为例，让我们试试Mg，MgCl2也是一个例。
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It still has positive charge, and there is nothing saying another chloride could not stick to it.
它仍然具有正电荷，不能说明另外一个氯,不能固定在上面。
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And the last example that we're going to talk about is thionyl chloride, so it's s o c l 2. This is another good step forward, because now we actually have four different atoms in our molecule.
我们要讨论的最后一个例子,是氯化亚砜，就是硫，氧，氯，二，这又是一个进步，因为我们的分子中现在有四个不同的原子了。
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And then, if you go the real sodium chloride crystal and you do this same calculation but in three-dimensions.
接下来，如果回到实际的氯化钠晶体中,你们做同样的计算,但是是在三维中。
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And, we're going to look at what happens as the chloride ion moves from infinity in towards the positive ion.
然后我们要看一下,当氯离子从无限远处逐渐靠近,这个正离子会发生什么。
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And I know that sodium chloride forms because, if I look on the webpage at 3.091, you see this down here, this is sodium in kerosene.
我知道氯化钠形式，因为我看过3。091的网站，看看这个，这是钠在煤油中。
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And so you can imagine that if you mix these, if you take sodium and you mix it with chlorine you get sodium chloride.
如果将它们混合，以钠和氯反应为例,就会反应得到氯化钠。
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I know table salt is white, but that is because you have power and you have multiple surfaces scattering, but a large crystal of sodium chloride is clear and colorless.
我知道食用盐是白色的，但这是因为你让它成了粉末,因为有了多个散射面，但是一个大的氯化钠晶体,是无色透明的。
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And you will form a crystal of sodium chloride as a result of this need to form crystal expressed through the Coulomb's Law.
你能得到氯化钠晶体,因此，形成晶体所需要的条件,在库伦定律中通篇都有表达。
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And there is this separation which is a balance of attractive forces because the chloride is net negative and the sodium is net positive, but both of them, regardless of net charge, have electrons.
这里有一个平衡,引力的平衡,由于氯离子带有负的净电荷,钠离子带有正的净电荷，但是它们两个，没有考虑净电荷，电子。
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Well, I show you one sodium and one chloride.
我给你看一个钠，和一个氯。
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And there is the sodium chloride crystal that forms between the two of them.
这是氯化钠晶体,在它们俩之间形成。
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And the chloride is net negative.
而氯离子带负电。
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But in terms of drugs that don't look like maybe this compound was used in the synthesis, many of them might have used thionyl chloride, because it generates such a nice reactive intermediate that you can go on and make a bunch of different compounds from that intermediate.
但是对于药物来说,它们可能跟合成过程中用到的这种化合物并不相像，很多药物的制造过程中都会用到亚硫酰氯，因为它能产生活性如此之高的反应中间体,以至于你可以继续利用反应中间体,来制造一堆不同类型的化合物。
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So, for example, Wellbutrin, it is very unlikely that it would have thionyl chloride in order to make it, and if thionyl chloride was used at some point in the synthesis, it was not to put that chlorine atom on, it was to put something else on.
比如，安非他酮，用亚硫酰氯来制造它,是不太可能的，而就算在合成过程中的某一阶段用到了亚硫酰氯，它也不会把氯原子加进去，而是把其它东西加进去。
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So, for example, in an electrochemical cell, it would be possible to take the sodium ion, give back its electron, and convert it into a metallic sodium, take the chloride ion, remove its electron, and restore chlorine gas.
所以，例如一个电化学的电池，它可能带有钠离子，让它得到电子，把它变成金属钠，得到氯离子，让它失去电子，作为氯气储存。
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So, for example, if I have a sodium ion over here, and I have a chloride ion over here, where the distance from center to center r I'm denoting as r, this is nucleus to nucleus separation.
所以，比如这有一个钠离子，和一个氯离子，它们中心与中心间的距离,我把它设为，这是原子核和原子和的间距。
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I just wanted to point out that although you see these chlorine atoms in these drugs, in fact, I don't think I've ever seen an acid chloride in a final pharmaceutical product or drug that we take, and the reason is because they're so reactive that you wouldn't want to have that in something you digest.
我只是想指出一点,那就是尽管你在这些药物中看到了氯原子，实际上，我想我从来都没有在一个,成品的药用产品或者药物中见到过酰氯，这原因是因为它们太容易反应了,你不会想让它们出现在你要消化的东西中。
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And as an example, let's take sulfuryl chloride, SO2, Cl2 make it a little complicated, Cl2, right, so don't worry about these compounds.
让我们用SO2作为一个例子，这有点难度，对，还有，不要担心这些化合物。
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And, this involves the reaction of titanium tetrachloride with magnesium to form magnesium chloride plus titanium And, this was invented in 1937 by W. J. Kroll.
四氯化钛和镁,反应生成氯化镁和钛,1937年W。J。克劳尔发明了这个方法。
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