We'll get to oxidation number in the second half of this course, but it's not in any way the same idea as formal charge.

我们会在课程的后半部分讲到氧化数，但它和形式电荷完全不是同一个概念。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Because it's a gel electricity is going to move through the gel because there are ions in it the same way - for the same reason you don't drop an electrical device into the bathtub because charge moves through water that has ions in it.

由于凝胶中存在离子,电流会通过凝胶,同样--,因为同样的原因你不会把电器扔进浴缸里,因为水里也有离子,所以水可以导电

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And the point that I also want to make is the way that they differ, z effective actually differs from the total charge in the nucleus due to an idea called shielding.

我也想指出的一点是它们不同的方式,有效的z事实上不同于原子核的，总电荷量,因为屏蔽效应。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选