It's not as simple as DNA going to RNA going to protein, because proteins need to be present in order to make these things happen as well.

基因表达不是简单的从DNA到RNA,再到蛋白质,因为整个过程需要,不同酶的催化作用

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

It could have been corrupted because a virus was inside of it so it was making foreign proteins.

细胞被损害的原因是,病毒在其中生产了外源蛋白

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

You've irreversibly changed that substance because you've changed the structure of all the proteins inside.

蛋白质的结构发生不可逆的变化,因为蛋白质内部的全部结构都改变了

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Why? Because brain cells and pancreas cells are expressing different proteins.

这是为什么呢,因为脑细胞,和胰腺细胞表达不同的蛋白

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Because they've made many copies of their genome and they've made all the proteins that are necessary to - for assembly of a new virus, then this cell can make many new viruses.

因为病毒制造了大量病毒基因组的拷贝,和所有,新病毒组装所需的蛋白质,所以这个细胞就有能力制造大量新的病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now that's not the only thing in cell membranes, there are also proteins in cell membranes, and these proteins are special proteins that can exist within membranes like this, and they exist because these proteins also have different segments with different properties.

但细胞膜并不只由磷脂构成,细胞膜里还有蛋白质,而且这些蛋白质是一些,可以在细胞膜中存在的特殊的蛋白质,而这些蛋白质存在于细胞膜中,源于它们也有溶解性不同的片段

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

I did want to say a little bit more about kinases because they're so important in intracellular communication and kinases take advantage of the fact that proteins can often exist in more than one state, and that's what makes them useful molecules inside cells.

关于激酶我想再多讲一点,因为它们对细胞内通讯十分重要,因为激酶的优越之处在于,这种蛋白通常不只有一种状态,这也令它们在细胞中的用处极大

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, those wrong proteins get presented on MHC1 and your immune system can kill the cell because it's a tumor cell.

所以 当这些错误的蛋白,同MHC1一起被呈递,你的免疫系统就可以消灭这些肿瘤细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选