The possibilities of freedom must always, in their view, be balanced with the world as it as--not as it ought to be.

在他们看来,自由的存在可能性,必须与现实相结合,而不是理所当然的

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

James Henry Hammond starts writing in the forties and into the fifties and he takes it much further, and he writes over and over and over again that, said James Henry Hammond, is that too damn many northerners didn't understand it is the way of the world as it is, and they ought to stop talking about the world as it ought to be.

詹姆斯.亨利.哈蒙德不惑之年才开始写作,到了五十岁仍笔耕不辍,他不停地写作,不停地著书,詹姆斯·亨利·哈蒙德说道,大多数北方人不能明白,这就是世界的本原,他们应该停止有关世界本源的讨论

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

Whereas most utterances purport to be saying something true about the actual state of things in the world, literary utterance is under no such obligation, the argument goes, and ought properly to be understood as fiction making it up as opposed to referring.

大多数言辞都是对事物的真实状况的,真实反映，而这种观点认为，文学没有这个义务，应该把文学理解为小说,它是虚构而不是实指。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选