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The Caltech professor says he's optimistic about commercializing his new solar cell design because the manufacturing process should not require development of any new technologies.
VOA: standard.2010.02.19
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All cells are the same and I say that because any cell within you or within me is the same in many respects.
我之所以说所有细胞都是一样的,是因为你我体内的细胞,在很多方面的确一模一样
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They're fully functional organisms that can reproduce on their own, and they can start growing outside of any cell and that's what they do, they live extracellularly.
细菌可是麻雀虽小五脏俱全,它们能够凭借自身繁殖,可以在任意一个细胞外开始增殖,它们就是这样做的,在细胞外生长繁殖
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No. Cell phones don't have any experience at all.
不，手机本身没有任何体验。
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Now, the other thing to keep in mind is that for any cell there's not just one receptor on the cell, there are thousands, or hundreds of thousands of receptors.
我们要记住的另一点是,在细胞表面,不仅仅只有一个受体,而是有成千上万甚至更多的受体分子
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So, you have both the diversity in the physical connections, any one cell is potentially contacting lots of other cells.
所以 神经系统既有多样性的物理连接,即每个细胞都可能与其他许多细胞连接
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It has the capability of becoming any kind of cell within the body, in fact, that's what it does.
它能成为身体内任何种类的细胞,事实上,这也就是它的功能
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So, this pathway might not be the only one that's being activated inside the cell at any given time.
因此,任一时刻细胞内,激活的信号通路不只是一条
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If we understood them well enough we could potentially make any particular kind of cell in the body from those pluripotent cells.
如果我们能研究得足够透彻,我们就有可能利用这些多能干细胞,制造我们体内任何特定的细胞
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There are multiple mechanisms that a cell can use to decide which genes it is expressing at any one time and which ones are not expressed.
在某一时刻,决定细胞中哪些基因表达,哪些基因不表达的机理十分复杂
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One way that that's done is by introducing genes into cancer cells, genes that aren't normally expressed in any mammalian cell, but that will cause the cancer cell to die.
已经成功应用的一种方法是,将基因导入癌细胞,而这种基因通常不在哺乳动物细胞中表达,但是可以导致癌细胞的死亡
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And this diagram shows what I simply labeled as a stem cell, so I'm not referring to any particular kind of stem cell now, but just a cell that has the stem cell character.
这张图示内容我就简单地标注为干细胞,现在我提到的干细胞不是特指哪种干细胞,而是指拥有干细胞特征的细胞
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The important concept is that, while every cell in your body has the capability of making all the proteins that are needed throughout your body, not every cell is doing that at any given time.
这里面有一个重要的概念,就是尽管你身体里的细胞都,有能力制造出,全身上下所需的所有蛋白质,但不是所有细胞每时每刻都在这么做
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What extracellular matrix you have in any particular tissue is there because there's a balance between it being produced by one kind of cell and digested by another, and you're in this sort of state of dynamic equilibrium.
特定组织中,细胞外基质的多少,取决于一个,分泌与降解的平衡,这是一种动态的平衡关系
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