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One team used an antibody found in blood donated by an individual.
VOA: special.2009.03.04
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At some point, maybe a week later, four to eight days later, you would start to see antibody levels rise.
之后,或许一周之后,四天到八天之间,就可以看到抗体的浓度开始上升
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If you did that what would happen is you would see antibody levels rise even more sharply than before.
如果这么做,会发生什么,与第一次接种相比,抗体浓度急剧上升
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Identify the antibody and you identify the threat.
VOA: special.2010.11.16
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So you've got exactly the experience you would have if you were working in your lab having the brilliant breakthrough when you finally realize what the combination is that would make the right antibody, whatever it is.
你获得一模一样的体验,仿佛在实验室里取得重大突破,终于搞清楚药物成分,生成有效的抗生素等等。
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That rate of rise is steeper so they--antibody levels go up more rapidly and they reach a higher level.
同时,上升速度也更加迅速,以达到更高的浓度水平
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They're ready to rapidly differentiate into antibody producing cells and they're waiting for that second signal to come.
并可以迅速分化为,抗体分泌细胞,记忆细胞在等待第二次信号的到来
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One is there's no lag period, notice that antibody levels start rising right away after the second exposure.
第一是没有迟滞期,请注意,抗体浓度迅速上升,在第二次接触抗原时
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There's - this diagram comes directly from your book, from one of the boxes in the book which describe how you analyze antibody interactions.
这个图表是直接从书上拿来的,来自于书上的一个框图里,这个框图介绍了如何分析抗体的相互作用
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Now, we're not thinking about total antibody concentration because you already have a lot of antibodies circulating within your blood and in your fluids.
现在,我们先不考虑抗体总浓度,因为你的体内已存在许多抗体,在血液以及体液中循环
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Now, why do you need a cell mediated immune response if you have an antibody response?
为什么你还要有细胞免疫反应呢,你已经有抗体应答了啊
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These are cells that recognize a particular antigen, they're ready to differentiate into antibody.
这些记忆细胞可识别相应的抗原,它们已经准备好分化产生抗体
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They differentiate, they make many copies of themselves - I'm sorry they proliferate, they make many copies of themselves, and then they differentiate into antibody production machines.
它们开始分化,再制造很多自身的拷贝,对不起应该是先扩增,扩增出很多自身的拷贝,然后分化成为制造抗体的机器
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This kind of recognition leads to another effect, what's the effect? Antibody production.
这种识别还产生了另一种作用,什么作用呢 产生抗体的作用
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Basically, injecting it into some test subjects, making sure that they didn't get diseased from it and looking at antibody responses to see if it worked and it did.
他们把疫苗接种到测试对象体内,确定接种者不会感染疾病,同时观察抗体的应答反应,了解疫苗是否有效
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I realize that this thinking about antigen, antibody combinations and the mathematics of how strongly an antibody binds to a specific antigen, is maybe something that's new to you.
我觉得这些关于 抗原抗体结合,以及,抗体如何强有力地结合抗原的问题,对你们来说很新鲜
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If this was tetanus, you got this tetanus vaccine when you were young; you get a boost every five or ten years because your antibody levels are starting to fall.
以破伤风为例,小时候,你接种过破伤风的疫苗,每隔五年或十年要再接种一次,这是因为体内的抗体浓度会下降
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We're thinking about the particular antibody that binds to this antigen that you're exposed to.
现在,我们考虑一种特殊的,与你所接触的抗原相结合的抗体
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There's a lag phase, there's a slow rise to an intermediate level of antibody.
会有迟滞期,在该时期,抗体浓度缓慢到达中间水平
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If we just thought about that second part of it, just the antibody generation, or the humoral what we called last time--last week, the humoral immune response, the immune response associated with humoral immune response of antibodies in the blood and in other fluids.
当我们仅考虑上述过程的第二步,也就是产生抗体的部分,或是我们上周学习的,体液免疫应答,这种免疫应答与,血液中以及其他体液中的抗体有关
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Don't worry about how they work in the immune system, but what if you could manufacture antibodies then you could make a chemical, an antibody, that is capable of binding to a specific other chemical and you could use that for things.
别管它们在免疫系统内是怎么工作的,只要考虑能不能制造抗体,那么假设你能制造这种化学物质 抗体,抗体又能够同其他特别的化学物质结合,你就可以让抗体为我所用
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Usually the cellular means that they get rid of is that instead of an antibody being produced, you activate a population of cells that will specifically go and hunt down the foreign antigen, or more commonly, cells that contain the foreign antigen.
通常细胞免疫意味着,不用生成抗体就能清除抗原,你激活了一个细胞类群,这一类群能够,并杀伤外源抗原,或者更常见的是,杀伤含有外源抗原的细胞
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So, these memory cells are a way that your immune system keeps track of antigens that it's been exposed to for even if maybe the plasma cells that were producing antibody in response to the initial exposure have died and disappeared.
所以,这些记忆细胞,是人体免疫系统记忆抗原的一种方法,即使由浆细胞产生的抗体,在初次免疫应答中全部被消灭,记忆细胞仍然能迅速分化为抗体分泌细胞
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They both proliferate, increase in number, and they differentiate; they differentiate from immature B-cells into antibody producing cells.
淋巴细胞将迅速增殖,数量大幅提高,同时发生分化,幼B淋巴细胞分化,形成能够分泌抗体的细胞
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The humoral immune response involves antibody production and antibodies are made by a subset of cells called B-cells.
体液免疫反应中包括抗体的产生过程,抗体是由一类称为B细胞的细胞亚族产生
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Helper cells don't become cytotoxic cells but they help B cells become antigen producing - antibody producing cells.
附助细胞不会成为细胞毒细胞,它们帮助B细胞成为抗体分泌细胞
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The antibody that they stimulate is antibody that's specific to this antigen that was presented earlier.
这些由辅助性T细胞,刺激增殖产生的抗体是,对应之前出现的抗原而产生的
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So not all of the B-cells that are stimulated become plasma cells or antibody secreting cells.
所以,并不是所有的B淋巴细胞,被刺激分化成为,浆细胞或是抗体分泌细胞
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So, this is several months and this logarithmic scale on the Y-axis represents antibody concentration.
这是在几个月内,这里使用的是对数刻度,Y轴代表的是抗体的浓度
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Now, for antibody production it is still a T-cell that recognizes the antigen presenting cell.
现在,抗体的产生,仍是源于T淋巴细胞识别出抗原呈递细胞
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