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Others believe it began with psychologists and psychiatrists who deal with how people think,feel and act.
VOA: special.2011.08.07
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To put it the way cognitive scientists and psychologists and neuroscientists like to put it, "The mind is what the brain does."
认知学家,心理学家,以及神经学家,总结道,"心理是大脑活动的产物"
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And psychologists have coined a term, talk about self-fulfilling prophesies, and the claim here more specifically is what's known as "the Pygmalion effect."
心理学家造了一个新术语，来讨论这种自我实现的预言，准确来说这个现象就是,皮格马利翁效应“
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Philosophers and psychologists who fall under the constrained vision create them, philosophies and psychologies and institutions and systems to channel our flawed and imperfect nature.
执有这种观点的,哲学家和心理学家创造了它们，创建了人生哲学，心理学，各种机构和体系,来引导我们有缺点的不完美的人性。
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By that I mean psychological framing, and there are many psychologists who talk about this, but notably Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.
我指的是心理框架，有很多心理学家研究过这个问题，最著名的是丹尼尔·卡内曼和阿莫斯·特沃斯基。
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And there are some philosophers and psychologists who do just that, who claim that free will and responsibility and spiritual value and intrinsic value are all illusions; they're pre-scientific notions that get washed away in modern science or you could try to reconcile them.
一些哲学家和心理学家便是如此,他们认为,自由意志,责任,精神价值,内在价值,这些都是幻象,都是些前科学的概念,应当从现代科学中清洗出去,或者你可以试着将二者调和
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Philosophers and psychologists knew for a long time that getting smacked in the head could change your mental faculties; that diseases like syphilis could make you deranged; that chemicals like caffeine and alcohol can affect how you think.
哲学家和心理学家在很久以前便知道,头部受到重创,会改变你的心理官能,像梅毒这样的疾病可以让你精神错乱,像咖啡因和酒精这样的化学药品,可以影响到你的思维
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Well, basically, the way to find that out is you ask people and people have--psychologists and sociologists have collected dream reports.
很简单，想知道就要问他们了,心理学家和社会学家,收集了梦境报告。
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Both his parents are psychologists and he hates these questions and at times he just screws around with us.
他的父母都是心理学家,他恨透了这些问题,所以他会时不时的忽悠我们一下。
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And very interesting for positive psychologists, those concerned with wellbeing and happiness: their wellbeing and happiness levels were incredibly similar.
让积极心理学学者，和研究幸福和快乐的人，更感兴趣的是：,这些双胞胎的幸福和快乐水平非常相似。
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What psychologists don't really know is why the Lake Wobegon effect exists, and there are a couple of proposals.
但心理学家还不知道,为什么乌比冈效应会存在，目前有几个假设。
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And although some psychologists and philosophers think they've solved it, most of us are a lot more skeptical.
尽管一些心理学家和哲学家认为,他们已经解决了这个问题,但大多数仍持有怀疑的态度
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As far as I know, Skinner and Skinnerian psychologists were never directly involved in the creation of prisons.
据我所知，斯金纳和斯金纳行为主义心理学家们,从未直接参与过监狱的创建。
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But I want to end this first real class with a bit of humility as to what psychologists know and don't know.
最后,作为第一堂教学课的结束,我还是想对心理学家们知道什么,不知道什么,保持一种谦虚的态度
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How many psychologists or psychiatrists prescribe "? "run three times a week and see me in the morning"?
多少心理学家或精神科医生规定病人,“每周跑步锻炼三次，早上来见我？
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How many psychologists are familiar ? with this new emerging field of the mind and the body?
有多少心理学家了解,这个心理和生理的新领域？
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It would make the several thousands social psychologists in this world very happy and proud of their field, if that turned out to be true.
世界上成千上万的社会心理学家,都将十分高兴，并且为自己的学科领域感到自豪，如果这点能成为现实。
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And developmental psychologists use many ingenious methods to try to pull these apart and try to figure out what are the basic components of human nature.
发展心理学家们使用了许多巧妙的方法,试图将这些因素分开,试图找出人性的基本成分,究竟是什么
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And it probably--One--There's--Evolutionary psychologists debate the function of why we talk funny to babies.
进化心理学家们在争论,我们为何要以如此好玩的方式来同婴儿讲话
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And when I talk on Wednesday about developmental psychology I'll show different ways in which psychologists have used habituation to study the minds of young babies.
等我们在周三探讨发展心理学时,我会向大家讲述心理学家们,应用习惯化,来研究婴儿心理的不同的方法。
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Next week, social thought and social behavior, mysteries; basically, a series of topics that don't fit anywhere in the course and really make psychologists scratch their heads.
下节课我们将会讲社会思想,社会行为，神话;,基本上这一连串的话题,在本课程中属于杂七杂八的,而且让心理学家百思不得其解的。
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And the question that preoccupies developmental psychologists is how do we come to have this knowledge, and in particular, how much of it is hard-wired, built-in, innate.
发展心理学家们所关心的问题,就是我们如何获得这些知识的,特别是,这其中有多少是固有的,内在的,天生的
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And an answer that some psychologists and biologists have given is deception.
一些心理学家与生物学家们所给出的答案,是欺骗。
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Over the last few years, what started to happen is more and more psychologists have been using brain scans for example; they've been using fMRIs, EEGs, other physiological measures.
过去几年，呈现的情况是越来越多心理学家,使用大脑扫描;,使用功能性磁共振成像，脑电图及其他手段。
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They just rush in to-- Women give birth and they rush in and they say, "We are psychologists," and then we do experiments on the babies, and it's terrific.
研究人员就这么跑进产房,女人们生完孩子,他们就急忙跑进去说,"我们是心理学家",然后我们对婴儿展开各种实验,这很了不起
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These people left the lab having learnt about themselves that they'll kill another person if someone tells them to, and as psychologists I don't think we have any right to do that to people.
这些电击者离开实验时发现,如果有人叫他们去杀人，他们真的会杀，作为心理学家,我们没权对他人做出这种行为。
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- She turns to the most salient-- -- and this is the way social psychologists would say it-- -- turns to the most salient object in her immediate social environment-- -- that would be me--and says she's in love.
她转向于最突现的-,社会心理学家会说-,转向于直接社会环境中最突现的实体-,这个实体就是我,并说，她恋爱了。
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This is by the famous biologist, D'Arcy Thompson, who wrote the book On Growth and Form, and it's sort of the model of many developmental psychologists and many evolutionary psychologists so I'll end with this: "Everything is the way it is because it got that way."
这是著名的生物学家,达西·汤普森所提出的,他写了一本叫做《论生长和形态》的书,这句话也是许多发展心理学家,和进化心理学的理论模型,所以我用这句话来作为结束,"万物如此,皆因其本"
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The study of what you don't need your brain to do has often drawn upon this weird methodology where— This was actually done in France a lot where they would decapitate people and when— After they decapitated people, psychologists would rush to the body of the headless person and sort of just test out reflexes and stuff like that.
对那些无需大脑参与行为的研究,经常会用到一种古怪的研究方法,实际上这种研究曾在法国出现过多次,因为在法国,犯人会遭到斩首,当犯人遭到斩首后,心理学家们会冲到无头躯体那里,检验躯体的反射行为,以及一些其他的行为
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And then the psychologists went around and they asked the people, "How many of you noticed this person's T-shirt?"
然后心理学家,问别人，“你们有多少人注意到这个人的T恤了？”
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