Chemically,elements like potassium and aluminum are added and taken away.

VOA: special.2009.09.14

if we're actually thinking about electron configuration and we look at lithium, sodium and potassium, these all have one valence electron.

让我们来想一想,锂，钠，钾的电子排布，它们都只有一个价电子。

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That potential difference is generated by the movement of ions, principally sodium and potassium across the membrane.

电势差是由离子运动造成的,特别是钠和钾的跨膜运动

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So, for example, here we're showing rubidium and potassium and sodium plotted where we're plotting the frequency -- that's the frequency of that light that's coming into the metal versus the kinetic energy of the electron that's ejected from the surface of the metal.

让大家看来都是可以理解的事情,就是把不同金属的观测结果,画到一张图里面来，例如这里,我们展示的是钠，钾,铷的频率-这是照射金属的光的频率,和金属表面出射电子动能的关系。

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And I say, no, I think any of you should know that potassium lies under sodium.

我要说的是，你们应该知道,钾是在钠的下面的。

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Now, it's more complicated than that because it's not just sodium channels that are involved, there are potassium channels also, and the interplay between sodium channels opening and potassium channels opening, this is described in some detail in your book.

现在 事情更复杂了,因为这一过程不仅关系着钠离子通道,也关系着钾离子通道,以及钠离子通道和钾离子通道之间开关,的相互作用,书中有详细解释

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So if we consider lithium, potassium, and sodium, they're all together in the same group on the periodic table, knowing what we do about biology we can immediately think of sodium and potassium, or even just knowing what you know about table salt, for example, that these are two elements that we find, and particularly in the ion form in very high concentrations in our body.

我们来考虑一下锂，钾和钠，它们都在周期表中的同一族里，想要知道我们将元素周期律,用到生物学会怎么样，我们首先想到的就是钠和钾，甚至只需要知道食盐，我们发现它们是以很高浓度的离子形式,存在于我们体内的两种元素。

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And that's all that's big enough to pass through or small enough to pass through. And if we go up even just one row on the periodic table to potassium, what we actually see is now that it's going to be too large, and, in fact, a potassium solvated with one water molecule won't go through our channel.

就是这样刚好大到它通过,或者说刚好小到它通过,即使我们再沿着周期表往下走仅仅一行到钾离子，我们看到的就将是它的个头太大了，实际上，溶解于一个水分子的单个钾离子,不能穿过我们的通道。

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So what we know is that these 3 d orbitals are higher in energy than 4 s orbitals, so I've written the energy of the orbital here for potassium and for calcium.

我们所知道的是,3d轨道能量,比4s轨道能量高，所以我写出了,钾和钙的轨道能量。

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Potassium is 4s, and I've only finished with 3p.

钾是4s电子，我只完成了3p轨道排布。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

Now, sodium and potassium don't ordinarily move across membranes, they're charged molecules, they can't dissolve, they can't permeate through a cell membrane, but they go through because there are channels that allow them to pass through in the membrane.

钠和钾通常是不能跨过细胞膜的,它们都是带电粒子,它们不能溶解在细胞膜中,不能渗透通过细胞膜,但它们之所以能通过细胞膜,全赖膜上离子通道的作用

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All cell membranes have these channels within them, and under their resting conditions sodium is moving from outside to inside, potassium's moving from inside to outside.

所有细胞膜上都有这种通道结构,在静息状态下,钠从细胞外流向细胞内,钾从细胞内流向细胞外

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s1 So for the fourth period, now we're into the 4 s 1 3d for potassium here. And what we notice when we get to the third element in 4s2 and the fourth period is 3d that we go 4 s 2 and then we're back to the 3 d's.

对于第四周期到现在我们来到钾的1,然后我们返回到,我们注意到当我们看到第三个元素,第四周期我们来到,然后我们返回到。

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