In each of these cases the figure who stands ab extra, from outside, is an observer, an observer looking in and interpreting the action before him and an observer in a position presumably to make some kind of moral judgment on the action taking place.

在每个例证中，处在明喻本身之外的人，都是一个观察者，一个,向内展望并且解说他眼前的进展的观察人,一个似乎是要对发生的事情作出某些道德评论的观察人。

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